New locality records and future habitat suitability of Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt

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  New locality records and future habitat suitability of Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt Abstract This study reports new locality records from Iran and a climate-based habitat suitability assessment for Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt. We document new specimens from Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, with an updated distribution map and illustrations, and we model the species' potential distribution across south-eastern Iran and adjacent parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Habitat suitability was associated mainly with precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, and slope. In an arid setting these rainfall variables are unlikely to indicate a need for moist habitat; they more plausibly track seasonal productivity and the terrain features that provide shelter. Present-day suitable areas...

In vivo biodistribution of Loxosceles intermedia venom in animal models with different pathological outcomes

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In vivo biodistribution of Loxosceles intermedia venom in animal models with different pathological outcomes

Abstract

Spiders of the Loxosceles spp. genus have a wide geographic distribution and are among the main causes of arachnidism in Brazil. Despite advances in venom characterization, fundamental aspects such as its in vivo kinetics and biodistribution remain little understood. This study aimed to investigate the biodistribution of Loxosceles intermedia spider venom through radiolabeling with technetium-99 metastable (99ᵐTc). Radiolabeling efficiency was evaluated using paper chromatography and C18 column, and effectiveness was assessed by SDS-PAGE. Biological activity after radiolabeling was verified through an in vitro sphingomyelinase activity assay and by evaluating dermonecrotic and edematogenic effects in rabbits. The results showed that most venom proteins were efficiently radiolabeled and that the venom remained biologically active after radiolabeling, allowing its distribution to be tracked in mice and rabbits. In both models, the venom concentrated at the injection site and was predominantly biodistributed to the kidneys and bladder. These findings are relevant given the distinct pathophysiological profiles of the animal models used. This is the first study to evaluate, in real time and in live animals, the biodistribution of L. intermedia venom through radiolabeling, and it may provide valuable data for understanding its mechanisms of action and improved the diagnostic of loxoscelism.
Da Silva Moreira, R., Pires, L. O., Cardoso Cunha, L., Fiorini de Carvalho, I. A., Chávez-Olórtegui, C., Minozzo, J. C., Rocha, M. N., Cardoso, V. N., Antunes Fernandes, S. O., & Felicori, L. F. (2025). In vivo biodistribution of Loxosceles intermedia venom in animal models with different pathological outcomes. Toxicon, 108619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108619