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Venom composition of the Iberian adder (Vipera seoanei) from northern Portugal reveals limited sex and size variation

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  Venom composition of the Iberian adder (Vipera seoanei) from northern Portugal reveals limited sex and size variation Abstract Snake venom is a complex and dynamic ecological trait, with high potential for intraspecific variation. In this study, the venom composition of the Iberian adder ( Vipera seoanei ) from the Peneda Mountains of northern Portugal was investigated to explore whether venom varies with body size and sex. Venom proteomes from six individuals representing juvenile, subadult, and adult males and females were characterised using LC–MS/MS, while individual variation was assessed from SDS–PAGE profiles of 18 snakes. LC–MS/MS identified 144 proteins, dominated by phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 ), snake venom serine proteases (svSP), and C-type lectin-related proteins (CTL). Descriptive comparisons revealed contrasting individual profiles, particularly between the juvenile male, characterised by high svSP and svMP abundance, and the juvenile female, characterised by high ...

Ultraconserved element phylogenomics reveals novel insights into the historical biogeography of euophryine jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

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A new Cataleptoneta species (Araneae, Leptonetidae) from sulfidic caves in Greece and Albania

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Distributional Notes on Three Wolf Spider Species (Araneae: Lycosidae) Recorded for the First Time in Diyala Province, Iraq

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Two New Species of the Genus Brignoliolus Ovtchinnikov, 1999 (Araneae, Agelenidae) from Türkiye

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Multiple genetic lineages of the invasive brown widow spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) from inland areas in the Kanto region, Japan

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First chance to see: New jumping-spider species from Batanta, Indonesia (Araneae, Salticidae, Euophryini)

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Joining the dark side: waterfall spiders in subterranean habitats, with the description of a new genus and two new species from Brazil (Araneae: Trechaleidae)

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A new species of Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China

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Seasonal Variation in Whole-Body Elemental Concentrations and Excreta Production of a Riparian Orb-Weaving Spider (Larinioides cornutus)

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Two new spider species of the genus Melpomene O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898, from Colombia and Panama with complementary description of M. panamana (Petrunkevitch, 1925) (Araneae: Agelenidae)

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Modelling the potential distribution and conservation scenarios for the troglobitic spider Pinelema elinae Brescovit, Gallão & Cizauskas, 2023 (Telemidae) in the Neotropics: palaeoclimatic evidence and current threats

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The first genus with four sac-like structures in the vulva in the cobweb spider subfamily Theridiinae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae)

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A new species of Urupelma Kaderka et al. 2023 from Peru (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), and a new proposal of homologous keels

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Phase response curve and RNA-sequencing demonstrate spiders’ sensitivity to light and pinpoint candidate light-responsive genes

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Revision of Bermejoa panguana Portela & Ríos-Tamayo 2025 and Vitriemboli herzogi (Gabriel, Sherwood & Pérez-Miles 2023) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

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Fundamental Niche Conservatism in the Geographic-Range-Expanding Specialist Zodarion rubidum (Zodariidae, Araneae)

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A new species of Mesiotelus Simon (Araneae: Liocranidae) from Turkey

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Wadicosa Zyuzin (Araneae: Lycosidae): a new species; and genus transfer of Pardosa mendicans (Simon) from the Arabian Peninsula

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New data on spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from Armenia, including a unique case of palpal teratology

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The invasive brown widow spider is less often parasitized by egg sac parasitoids than native widow species

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