The almost unknown scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of El Salvador, Central America

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  The almost unknown scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of El Salvador, Central America Abstract (EN) The scorpions from Republic of El Salvador, Central America, have been poorly studied. The present work confirms the presence of at least six species in this country: Didymocentrus krausi Francke, 1978 (Diplocentridae), and five species belonging to the genus Centruroides Marx, 1899 (Buthidae), including the first records for Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin, 1911, Centruroides tapachulaensis Hoffmann, 1932, and an unidentified species of the thorellii species-group. Centruroides tapachulaensis had been confused with Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) and Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841). None of five nominal identified species are Salvadoran endemism. A taxonomical key is included for the identification of these six scorpion species. Most of the new records were made based on available data on the iNaturalist citizen science...

Pharmacological Potential of Scorpion Venom: From Molecular Targets, Peptide Chemistry to Clinical Translation

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Pharmacological Potential of Scorpion Venom: From Molecular Targets, Peptide Chemistry to Clinical Translation

Abstract

Scorpion venom is extremely expensive and dangerous, but it also has fascinating medical applications, particularly in regulating biological mechanisms due to its structural and functional specificity. In this regard, the current review article aims to address medical issues, discuss prospects, and provide recommendations for future directions, including the development of drugs and clinical applications of scorpion venom. The scorpion venom is also a valuable source for pharmacological and clinical applications, including cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, diabetic control, wound healing, and pain relief. Additionally, it can help to develop new medicines that control the immune system and prevent autoimmune diseases. The clinical applications show the development of cancer therapies and other antitumor effects. Approximately 350 peptides derived from the most studied scorpion species comprise of a mixture rich in neurotoxins, enzymes, nucleotides, water, and a combination of salts, amino acids, biogenic amines, mucopolysaccharides, and other proteins, all of which contribute to their biological activity. The pharmacological properties suppress tumor cell migration, trigger apoptosis, and modulate ion channels. The peptides exhibit cytotoxicity and antiviral activity and reflect significant clinical applicability. This review aims to summarize previous findings and seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, patterns, and trends in those fields, and the significance of scorpions in the field of medicine.

Summer, M., Bibi, R. & Ali, S. Pharmacological Potential of Scorpion Venom: From Molecular Targets, Peptide Chemistry to Clinical Translation. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 36, 35 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-026-00739-y