Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

New taxonomic and faunistic data on Moroccan spiders (Arachnida: Araneae), including the description of five new species

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New taxonomic and faunistic data on Moroccan spiders (Arachnida: Araneae), including the description of five new species

Abstract

As a result of an examination of a small, recent collection, new faunistic and taxonomic data on the spiders of Morocco are provided. A total of 20 species from 12 families were identified, including five species newly described herein: Gorbiscape amazighus sp. nov. (♂♀; Marrakech–Safi Region) [Agelenidae], Liocranum atlasicum sp. nov. (♂♀; Marrakech–Safi Region) [Liocranidae], Zelotes maroccanus sp. nov. (♀; Tanger–Tétouan–Al Houceima Region), Z. reuteri sp. nov. (♂; Marrakech–Safi Region) [Gnaphosidae], and Zodarion neblibohakrostorum sp. nov. (♂; Tanger–Tétouan–Al Houceima Region) [Zodariidae]. Ballus chalybeius (Walckenaer, 1802) [Salticidae] and the genus Liocranum L. Koch, 1866 are newly recorded from Morocco, while Psilochorus simoni (Berland, 1911) [Pholcidae] is recorded in Africa for the first time. Additionally, photographic illustrations and SEM images are provided for Lycosoides murphyorum Bosmans, 2022 [Agelenidae] and Rhode scutiventris Simon, 1882 [Dysderidae]. Finally, four species are transferred from Agelena Walckenaer, 1805 [Agelenidae] to Gorbiscape Zamani & Marusik, 2020: G. canariensis (Lucas, 1838) comb. nov. from the Canary Islands and Northwest Africa, and G. gomerensis (Wunderlich, 1992) comb. nov., G. gonzalezi (Schmidt, 1980) comb. nov. and G. tenerifensis (Wunderlich, 1992) comb. nov. from the Canary Islands.

Zamani, A. & Marusik, Y.M. (2025) New taxonomic and faunistic data on Moroccan spiders (Arachnida: Araneae), including the description of five new species. Zootaxa, 5692 (2), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5692.2.6