Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China

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Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China

Abstract

Four new species of the spider family Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859 are described from Hunan Province, southern China: Gongylidioides heimifengensis sp. nov. (♂♀), Gongylidium subbifurcatum sp. nov. (♀), Gongylidium trapezium sp. nov. (♀), and Nippononeta anchorata sp. nov. (♀). Detailed descriptions, photos of habitus and copulatory organs, as well as a distribution map, are provided.

Yan W-l, Wu F-q, Zhou Y-c, Peng X-j (2025) Four new species of Linyphiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Hunan Province, China. ZooKeys 1253: 243-254. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1253.165585