Hidden diversity in plain sight: four new species of Nemesia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from the Córdoba Province of Spain

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  Hidden diversity in plain sight: four new species of Nemesia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from the Córdoba Province of Spain Abstract A taxonomic revision of the species of Nemesia Audouin, 1826, distributed in the vicinity of Córdoba City, southern Spain, is presented. Four new species are described: Nemesia morana sp. nov. (female), N. kodama sp. nov. (male and female), N. rosae sp. nov. (male and female), and N. tamajoni sp. nov. (male and female). These species are distinguished by distinct morphological characters, including the shape of the spermathecae, palpal bulbs, and spinnerets, as well as by burrow architecture. Fieldwork was conducted across two of the three major habitat types in the region—the humid, forested mountains of Sierra Morena and the croplands and riparian forests of the Guadalquivir Valley—while the third, the “campiña”, which is mainly composed of agricultural landscapes, remains poorly explored. Sampling methods included pitfall trapping and the direct e...

Venom composition of Tityus cerroazul (Scorpiones: Buthidae) reveals similarities with venoms of other scorpion species from northern South America

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Venom composition of Tityus cerroazul (Scorpiones: Buthidae) reveals similarities with venoms of other scorpion species from northern South America

Abstract

Several buthid scorpions from Costa Rica and Panama have been extensively characterized for their venom components. One exception is Tityus cerroazul, a peculiar species classified in the subgenus Tityus, separated from the rest of the members of the genus that inhabit this geographic region. Although it has been described as a species that prefers natural areas with low human impact, which could explain the few reported envenomation cases, pre-clinical studies indicate that its venom may be toxic to mammals.
This analysis describes the venom composition and enzymatic activities of T. cerroazul specimens from Panama. Among the identified venom components, we report the presence of NaTxs TdNa5 and bactridin-1 from T. discrepans from Venezuela, as well as partial sequences corresponding to other putative Na+ and K+ toxins, antimicrobial peptides, protease inhibitors, and secreted proteins, mostly found in the venoms of the T. (Atreus) species. We also confirmed the presence of the four peptides (Tce1-Tce4) identified by previous molecular analyses.
In conclusion, our study suggests that T. cerroazul does not align closely with the venom of species currently assigned to the subgenus Tityus. Instead, it shows a greater similarity to the venom of the Atreus subgenus, which includes most of the Tityus species that inhabit the region. This finding underscores the need to revise its taxonomic classification based on molecular phylogenetic characters.
Díaz, C., Mack-Prado, M., Bonilla, E., Chang-Castillo, A., Bonilla, F., Ortiz, N., Angulo, D., & Sasa, M. (2025). Venom composition of Tityus cerroazul (Scorpiones: Buthidae) reveals similarities with venoms of other scorpion species from northern South America. Toxicon, 108385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108385