Differential Hematotoxic Activity of Southeast Asian Pit Viper Venoms: The Cross-Neutralizing Effect of Available Antivenoms

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  Image Credit: Creative Commons (some rights reserved) CC BY-NC Photo 111998430, (c) Nicholas Hess Differential Hematotoxic Activity of Southeast Asian Pit Viper Venoms: The Cross-Neutralizing Effect of Available Antivenoms Abstract Background/Objectives : Pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) are responsible for a large proportion of snakebite envenoming cases in Southeast Asia. Envenomation by these snakes commonly causes hematotoxic effects, including platelet dysfunction and coagulation disturbances. Although antivenom remains the mainstay of treatment, species-specific antivenoms are not available for several regional pit viper species. This study evaluated the hematotoxic activities of selected Southeast Asian pit viper venoms and the cross-neutralizing capacity of commercially available antivenoms.  Methods : Venoms from five medically important pit viper species— Calloselasma rhodostoma ,  Trimeresurus albolabris ,  T. hageni ,  T. purpureomaculatus , ...

Sex Pheromones From Linyphia triangularis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Are Promising Attractants for Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

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Sex Pheromones From Linyphia triangularis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Are Promising Attractants for Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

ABSTRACT

Although Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) is a predator of aphids, its biocontrol efficacy depends largely on oviposition behaviour. Previous studies have shown that spider webs can attract A. aphidimyza and enhance its oviposition. It has been hypothesized that sex pheromones from spider webs and A. aphidimyza itself may affect its mating and oviposition, but this remains unconfirmed. In our study, we selected (2R,7S)-diacetoxytridecane (sex pheromone of A. aphidimyza), (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (sex pheromone of Linyphia triangularis (Clerck)), and a mixture of these pheromones (at a 10:1 concentration ratio) to investigate their overall response on A. aphidimyza in terms of electroantennogram, behaviour, fecundity, attraction, and aphid control. Our results indicated that these pheromones elicited antennal responses in A. aphidimyza. Specifically, (2R,7S)-diacetoxytridecane significantly attracted males, while (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid significantly attracted females; their mixture attracted both sexes. These compounds did not affect oviposition and lifespan of A. aphidimyza. The pheromone mixture attracted significantly more A. aphidimyza than the control group. The number of aphids in the mixture group began to decline 1 day earlier than that in the control group and ultimately achieved a 100% control effect against aphids in a greenhouse. Our findings provide evidence for further exploration of the relationship between L. triangularis and A. aphidimyza. The studied pheromone blend shows potential as an attractant for A. aphidimyza, which could enhance aphid biological control in greenhouses.

Yang, S., Yu, X., Wang, K., Yang, M., Zhu, X., Wu, H., Guan, H., Huang, C., & Yang, X. Sex Pheromones From Linyphia triangularis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Are Promising Attractants for Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.70086