Inter-individual variability in equine antibody responses to African snake venoms follows heavy-tailed distributions with implications for antivenom production

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  Inter-individual variability in equine antibody responses to African snake venoms follows heavy-tailed distributions with implications for antivenom production Abstract Variability in the antibody response of horses used for snake antivenom manufacture is well recognized, yet its statistical structure and implications for industrial productivity remain poorly characterized. In this study, we quantified antivenom antibody titers by ELISA in a cohort of 14 horses immunized with venoms from the clinically most important snakes in sub-Saharan Africa. To integrate antibody levels with plasma availability, we calculated the Cumulative Plasma Productivity (CPP) by converting individual plasma volumes into titer-corrected equivalents and sequentially pooling these volumes according to their corrected contribution. Distributional analysis revealed right-skewed, heavy-tailed patterns better approximated by a log-normal model than by a strict Pareto (power-law) form, with approximately 20–3...

A cross-sectional study of scorpion stings in high-risk areas of Islamic Republic of Iran

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A cross-sectional study of scorpion stings in high-risk areas of Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract 

Background: Scorpion sting is one of the most serious health problems in Islamic Republic of Iran. 

Aim: To investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics, as well as the knowledge, attitude and practices of health workers, physicians and residents regarding scorpion stings in the scorpion-prone southern areas of Kerman Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. 

Methods: Using SPSS version 20, we analysed the 2021 annual epidemiological report of scorpion stings for the southern counties of Kerman Province, including the clinical features of scorpion sting patients. 

Results: A total of 3106 scorpion stings were recorded in 2021, with an average incidence of 390.3 per 100 000. Most (37.5%) stings occurred during the summer months, among children less than 10 years old (22.2%), in rural areas (82.6%), and in the hands (42.3%) and feet (41.2%). Localized reactions included immediate pain and redness (52%), severe pain (8.7%), local burning pain (17.4%), swelling (4.3%) at the site of envenomation, and no reaction (17.6%). Knowledge of health workers and physicians about scorpion stings was generally weak. Health workers were significantly more knowledgeable about the biology of dangerous scorpions (P = 0.003) while physicians were more knowledgeable about black scorpion venom compounds (P = 0.01). 

Conclusion: Efforts should be made to ensure safe housing designs and provide comprehensive education to health workers and community members to help reduce scorpion sting incidence and enhance the management of cases in the province. 

Saman IAG, Dehghan H, Movahed E. A cross-sectional study of scorpion stings in high-risk areas of Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2026;32(2):77–85. https://doi.org/10.26719/2026.32.2.77.