Scorpion Venom Peptides: From Structural Scaffolds to Therapeutic Applications—A Focus on Antioxidant Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives

Posted by
  Scorpion Venom Peptides: From Structural Scaffolds to Therapeutic Applications—A Focus on Antioxidant Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives Abstract Scorpion venom peptides, with their stable disulfide backbone, compact structural framework, and highly selective regulation of ion channels, have long been regarded as important molecular probes in neuropharmacology. However, recent studies have revealed their potential for regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprotection, making them a new research frontier. In this article, we focus on scorpion venom peptides as drugs, constructing an integrated knowledge framework from structural classification to clinical translation. First, scorpion venom peptides are systematically classified based on cysteine arrangement patterns and three-dimensional folding topology, and their structure–activity relationships are summarized. Based on this, the molecular mechanisms by which scorpion venom peptides regulate ion channels are ...

On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives

Posted by

 


On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives

Abstract

The identity of the type species of Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 is clarified, enabling a diagnosis of Castianeira sensu stricto, which comprises four species from northern South America and Panama. The type species, C. rubicunda Keyserling, 1879, is recorded from Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama, with the specimens from Barro Colorado Island (Panama) having previously been misidentified as C. memnonia (C. L. Koch, 1841). Based on photographs of the holotype of the later species, it is transferred to Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 and recognized as the senior synonym of M. mokana Silva-Junior, Martínez, Villarreal & Bonaldo, 2024 syn. nov.. Since M. memnonia comb. nov. is the type species of Thargalia Karsch, 1880, Thargalia is removed from the synonymy of Castianeira and treated as a synonym of Mazax, as a nomen oblitum, while Mazax is declared a nomen protectum under the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Three new species are described: Castianeira leda sp. nov. (♂) and C. pollux sp. nov. (♂♀), both from Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, and C. castor sp. nov. (♂♀) from Venezuela and Brazil.

Silva-Junior, C.J. & Bonaldo, A.B. (2026) On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa, 5763 (1), 39–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2