Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Gynandry and intersexuality in spiders: half a century onwards

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Gynandry and intersexuality in spiders: half a century onwards

Abstract

A little over fifty years ago, Roberts & Parker (1973) advanced the knowledge of intersexual and gynandromorphic spiders. Those authors also provided a total of 14 categories for classifying gynandry in spiders. Eight new cases of gynandry and/or intersexuality are reported herein, in addition to a critical appraisal of all prior published literature available on this phenomenon and discussion on broader topics, such as a newly reported case of abnormal neoteny.

Acknowledgment: I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Danni Sherwood for providing the complete manuscript.

Sherwood, D., & Azarkina, G. N. (2026). Gynandry and intersexuality in spiders: half a century onwards: Gynandry and intersexuality in spiders. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 45–93. https://doi.org/10.30550/j.azl/2287