Diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the oral cavity of captive snakes

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  Diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the oral cavity of captive snakes Abstract Venomous snake bites are a global public health issue, causing between 81 000 and 138 000 annual deaths and 400 000 permanent disabilities. This study investigated the oral bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles in captive  Viperidae  snakes. Oral swabs from 48 specimens across four species ( Porthidium lansbergii ,  Bothriechis nigroviridis ,  Cerrophidion sasai , and  Bothrops asper ) were analyzed using culture-dependent methods. Bacterial isolation and identification using the VITEK 2 automated system revealed 41 strains from 12 genera, predominantly Gram-negative bacteria, including  Morganella morganii  (11 isolates) and  Providencia rettgeri  (10 isolates). Antibiotic susceptibility testing demonstrated significant resistance patterns, with 100% resistance to cephalothin and cefazolin i...

The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from ultraconserved elements (UCEs)

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The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from ultraconserved elements (UCEs)

Abstract

The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) has been completely sequenced and annotated for the first time. This trap-door spider is found in California, United States. We used SPAdes to assemble contigs and the mitogenome was extracted from the resulting contigs. The mitogenome was annotated using MITOS2 and by comparing to other species in the order Araneae. The mitogenome is 14,081 base pairs, and includes 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 13 protein coding genes (PCG), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a control region. This is the first sequenced and annotated mitogenome for this species, genus, and the family Halonoproctidae.

Kern, O. C., & Patrick, L. B. (2026). The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from ultraconserved elements (UCEs). Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 11(1), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2025.2603825