Venom composition of the Iberian adder (Vipera seoanei) from northern Portugal reveals limited sex and size variation

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  Venom composition of the Iberian adder (Vipera seoanei) from northern Portugal reveals limited sex and size variation Abstract Snake venom is a complex and dynamic ecological trait, with high potential for intraspecific variation. In this study, the venom composition of the Iberian adder ( Vipera seoanei ) from the Peneda Mountains of northern Portugal was investigated to explore whether venom varies with body size and sex. Venom proteomes from six individuals representing juvenile, subadult, and adult males and females were characterised using LC–MS/MS, while individual variation was assessed from SDS–PAGE profiles of 18 snakes. LC–MS/MS identified 144 proteins, dominated by phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 ), snake venom serine proteases (svSP), and C-type lectin-related proteins (CTL). Descriptive comparisons revealed contrasting individual profiles, particularly between the juvenile male, characterised by high svSP and svMP abundance, and the juvenile female, characterised by high ...

The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from ultraconserved elements (UCEs)

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The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from ultraconserved elements (UCEs)

Abstract

The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) has been completely sequenced and annotated for the first time. This trap-door spider is found in California, United States. We used SPAdes to assemble contigs and the mitogenome was extracted from the resulting contigs. The mitogenome was annotated using MITOS2 and by comparing to other species in the order Araneae. The mitogenome is 14,081 base pairs, and includes 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 13 protein coding genes (PCG), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a control region. This is the first sequenced and annotated mitogenome for this species, genus, and the family Halonoproctidae.

Kern, O. C., & Patrick, L. B. (2026). The mitochondrial genome of Bothriocyrtum californicum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) (Araneae, Halonoproctidae) from ultraconserved elements (UCEs). Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 11(1), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2025.2603825