Venom induced pressure elevation reversible syndrome: a severe pediatric rattlesnake envenomation, evidence for conservative management, and call for naming the syndromeVenom induced pressure elevation reversible syndrome: a severe pediatric rattlesnake envenomation, evidence for conservative management, and call for naming the syndrome

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  Venom induced pressure elevation reversible syndrome: a severe pediatric rattlesnake envenomation, evidence for conservative management, and call for naming the syndromeVenom induced pressure elevation reversible syndrome: a severe pediatric rattlesnake envenomation, evidence for conservative management, and call for naming the syndrome Abstract Introduction : Rattlesnake envenomation frequently mimics traumatic compartment syndrome, as both are characterized by severe pain, swelling, and elevated compartment pressures. Unlike traumatic compartment syndrome there have been no documented cases of ischemic limb injury after envenomated patients have received antivenom. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that fasciotomy worsens myonecrosis. This has led medical toxicologists and surgical guidelines to shift from liberally recommending fasciotomy to near universal recommendation of antivenom alone. Despite this, fasciotomies continue to be recommended and performed on rattle...

Egg-sac-brooding wolf spiders show flexible hatchling emergence and context-dependent escape performance

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Egg-sac-brooding wolf spiders show flexible hatchling emergence and context-dependent escape performance

Egg-sac brooding is a costly maternal strategy for which evolutionary persistence hinges on clear offspring benefits and effective maternal tactics to offset those costs. Using the wolf spider Pardosa pusiola, we examined (1) whether hatchling emergence depends on the presence of a conspecific mother, (2) whether egg sac opening is a flexible response to embryonic cues, and (3) how mothers modulate locomotor performance under different ecological risks (sun exposure, flooding, predation). Conspecific foster mothers matched biological mothers in synchronizing egg-sac opening with embryonic development, whereas interspecific foster mothers (Pardosa astrigera) mistimed opening in most cases. Motherless egg sacs contained fully developed but un-emerged hatchlings, confirming that maternal presence is indispensable for emergence, not for hatching itself. Under moderate sun exposure, egg-sac-carrying females escaped slower than non-carrying females. Under high sun exposure or predator stimulus, carrying females escaped as fast as or faster than non-carrying females. Under simulated flooding, carrying females suffered higher mortality, yet survivors showed no difference in escape speed compared to non-carrying females. These results demonstrate flexible egg-sac management coupled with adaptive maternal locomotion, illustrating how costly parental care can be maintained when parents adjust their behavior according to environmental risk.

Bai-Lu Chen, Jing-Xin Liu, Zhanqi Chen; Egg-sac-brooding wolf spiders show flexible hatchling emergence and context-dependent escape performance. Biol Open 15 November 2025; 14 (11): bio062232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.062232