Venom composition of the Iberian adder (Vipera seoanei) from northern Portugal reveals limited sex and size variation

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  Venom composition of the Iberian adder (Vipera seoanei) from northern Portugal reveals limited sex and size variation Abstract Snake venom is a complex and dynamic ecological trait, with high potential for intraspecific variation. In this study, the venom composition of the Iberian adder ( Vipera seoanei ) from the Peneda Mountains of northern Portugal was investigated to explore whether venom varies with body size and sex. Venom proteomes from six individuals representing juvenile, subadult, and adult males and females were characterised using LC–MS/MS, while individual variation was assessed from SDS–PAGE profiles of 18 snakes. LC–MS/MS identified 144 proteins, dominated by phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 ), snake venom serine proteases (svSP), and C-type lectin-related proteins (CTL). Descriptive comparisons revealed contrasting individual profiles, particularly between the juvenile male, characterised by high svSP and svMP abundance, and the juvenile female, characterised by high ...

On the presence of Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Southern Chile

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On the presence of Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Southern Chile

Abstract

The distribution of Steatoda nobilis in Southern Chile is clarified and commented. New records are provided for Los Ríos and Los Lagos Region, and Chiloé Island is considered the southernmost locality in the country. Additional comments about specimens reared in captivity are included.

Carvajal, Mariom & Faúndez, Eduardo & Téllez, Fernando. (2025). On the presence of Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Southern Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay. 29. 1-4.