Hidden diversity in plain sight: four new species of Nemesia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from the Córdoba Province of Spain

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  Hidden diversity in plain sight: four new species of Nemesia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from the Córdoba Province of Spain Abstract A taxonomic revision of the species of Nemesia Audouin, 1826, distributed in the vicinity of Córdoba City, southern Spain, is presented. Four new species are described: Nemesia morana sp. nov. (female), N. kodama sp. nov. (male and female), N. rosae sp. nov. (male and female), and N. tamajoni sp. nov. (male and female). These species are distinguished by distinct morphological characters, including the shape of the spermathecae, palpal bulbs, and spinnerets, as well as by burrow architecture. Fieldwork was conducted across two of the three major habitat types in the region—the humid, forested mountains of Sierra Morena and the croplands and riparian forests of the Guadalquivir Valley—while the third, the “campiña”, which is mainly composed of agricultural landscapes, remains poorly explored. Sampling methods included pitfall trapping and the direct e...

Molecular phylogeny of Compsobuthus matthiesseni Birula (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Duhok Province, Iraq, as inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene

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Molecular phylogeny of Compsobuthus matthiesseni Birula (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Duhok Province, Iraq, as inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene

ABSTRACT

Compsobuthus matthiesseni Birula, 1905 is one of two scorpion species of the genus Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 that is currently recognised in the scorpion fauna of Iraq. Although its morphology has been well documented, its molecular phylogeny remains poorly understood. In this study, 28 specimens of C. matthiesseni were collected from various locations across Duhok province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Morphological examination confirmed their identification based on established diagnostic characters. To complement the morphological data, DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was employed to infer phylogenetic relationships. The resulting maximum likelihood tree revealed that the Duhok specimens clustered with C. matthiesseni from Turkey in a strongly supported clade, while an Iraqi C. matthiesseni sequence from GenBank (MT229839.1) grouped with Comsobuthus yagi from Iran. Genetic divergence analyses indicated a higher divergence (10.17%) between the Duhok/Turkish specimens and MT229839.1 than between MT229839.1 and C. yagi (7.89%), suggesting that MT229839.1 may represent a distinct genetic lineage. These results provide evidence of potential cryptic diversity within C. matthiesseni and underscore the importance of integrating morphological and molecular approaches for accurate species delimitation.

Ali, F. R., & Kachel, H. S. (2025). Molecular phylogeny of Compsobuthus matthiesseni Birula (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Duhok Province, Iraq, as inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Journal of Natural History, 59(29–32), 2023–2033. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2522135