Molecular Recognition and Immunopharmacological Implications of Serratiopeptidase Targeting Snake Venom Bradykinin-Potentiating Peptides

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  Molecular Recognition and Immunopharmacological Implications of Serratiopeptidase Targeting Snake Venom Bradykinin-Potentiating Peptides Abstract Purpose Bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), found in snake venom, are known to modulate cardiovascular functions, but their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation remains poorly understood. Methods Models were generated using AlphaFold-Colab for five small BPPs (< 9 amino acids) that did not have experimentally solved structures, and those BPPs which had reliable predictions of structure (pLDDT > 80) were used for docking studies. Protein-peptide docking experiments were done using HADDOCK for studying the interaction between wild-type (WT) and mutant serratiopeptidase with BPPs. After selecting the best complex, simulation of the complex was done using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns and binding energy determination using MM/PBSA analysis. For checking the mechanical stability of the protein-peptide complexes...

New Species of the Purse-Web Spider Genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 from Southern China (Araneae, Atypidae), with the General Natural History of Atypus Spiders

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New Species of the Purse-Web Spider Genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 from Southern China (Araneae, Atypidae), with the General Natural History of Atypus Spiders

Simple Summary

Purse-web spiders are fascinating creatures that build unique silk tubes for hunting and protection. They remain relatively unknown among non-professionals, primarily due to their living in distinctive yet inconspicuous webs. One end of each web remains underground, while the other end extends above the surface and maintains a nearly vertical orientation to the ground, blending seamlessly into the surrounding environment by attaching to plant stems or other nearby surfaces. Our understanding of the natural history of purse-web spiders was previously limited due to their underground habitat. However, through a decade of observation conducted both in the field and in the laboratory, we have significantly enriched our knowledge of their behaviors and habits, which we report in this study. Additionally, we describe three newly discovered purse-web spider species within the genus Atypus, collected from Hunan and Sichuan Provinces in China. We provide detailed descriptions, color photographs and DNA barcodes of all new species, and a distribution map of Atypus species in China.

Abstract

Three species of the purse-web spider genus Atypus Latreille, 1804, collected from Hunan and Sichuan Provinces of China, are diagnosed and described as new to science: A. yaozu sp. nov. (♂♀), A. siyiensis sp. nov. (♂♀) and A. yanjingensis sp. nov. (♂♀). Detailed descriptions, photographs and DNA barcodes of the three new species and a distribution map of Atypus species in China are provided. Additionally, we enrich the general natural history of the genus Atypus through a decade of observation.

Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Huang, Z., Yin, H., & Xu, X. (2025). New Species of the Purse-Web Spider Genus Atypus Latreille, 1804 from Southern China (Araneae, Atypidae), with the General Natural History of Atypus Spiders. Insects, 16(3), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030301