Sex Role–Dependent Behavioral and Architectural Divergence in a Jumping Spider

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  Sex Role–Dependent Behavioral and Architectural Divergence in a Jumping Spider ABSTRACT Sex differences in behavior and functional traits are often attributed to differences in mating effort intensity, but the role of sex-specific parental demands remains poorly understood. Using the jumping spider Toxeus maxillosus —where males engage in mate searching and courtship without providing parental care, while females provide extended maternal care from egg attendance to offspring maturity (around 3 months)—we conducted an exploratory investigation into whether these distinct selective pressures led to divergence in spatial behaviors and nest architecture. Results revealed that males and females showed equivalent accuracy, latency, and learning-related performance in both a route-planning test under water stress and a color-pattern associative memory task. In contrast, during nest-construction assays, females built complex, multi-entrance structures that closely matched the container'...

Exploring the diversity of scorpions in Lahore Division, Punjab: an ecological approach

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Exploring the diversity of scorpions in Lahore Division, Punjab: an ecological approach

Abstract

The present study investigates the scorpion fauna of Lahore Division, Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on species diversity, distribution patterns, and ecological adaptations. A total of 124 specimens, comprising 92 adults, and 22 juveniles were sampled from 25 sites using pitfall traps, stone turning, and UV light detection methods. Identified species included Hottentotta tamulus, Odontobuthus odonturus, and Androctonus finitimus. Animals were categorized by sex, developmental stages, and habitat associations. Males accounted for 36.29%, females 45.96%, and juveniles 17.74% of the total sample. H. tamulus was documented across Kasur, Sheikhupura, Lahore, and Nankana Sahib, predominantly inhabiting rock crevices, brick walls, and mud walls. A. finitimus was confined to sandy substrates in Kasur, displaying aggressive predatory behavior and cannibalism. O. odonturus occurred in arid zones with sparse vegetation, exhibiting semi-social burrowing tendencies. All species exhibited nocturnal activity, with peak movements recorded between 8 and 11 PM. Spatial distribution hotspots were identified and mapped at a quarter-degree square resolution. This study provides a detailed assessment of scorpion species diversity, distribution, and ecological adaptations within Lahore Division. The findings highlight their habitat preferences and behavioral strategies, contributing to a broader understanding of scorpion ecology.

Ahsan, M.M., Khalaq, A., Tahir, H.M. et al. Exploring the diversity of scorpions in Lahore Division, Punjab: an ecological approach. Int J Trop Insect Sci (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-024-01425-z