Evidence of Xysticus ulmi (Hahn) (Araneae: Thomisidae) Predation on Adult Cassida viridis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

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  Evidence of Xysticus ulmi (Hahn) (Araneae: Thomisidae) Predation on Adult Cassida viridis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) have several morphological and behavioral antipredator traits. For example, the soft larvae accumulate their feces and exuviae from previous instars to create a so-called “fecal shield” (Engel 1936; Kosior 1975), which functions as a defense against many predator guilds (Eisner and Eisner 2000; Eisner et al. 1968; Vencl et al. 1999, 2005; Vencl and Srygley 2013). Adults are characterized by their explanate and well-sclerotized pronota and elytra, which cover all soft parts of the body, thereby forming a tortoise-shaped shield (Buzzi 1988; Engel 1936; Jolivet 1997; Jolivet and Verma 2002; Selman 1988; Windsor et al. 1992) (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, the adults are known for their ability to grip firmly to surfaces with both tarsal claws and pads, which renders them difficult to capture (Buzzi 1988; Engel 1936; Joliv...

Scorpion Venom Peptides as Therapeutic Agents in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

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Scorpion Venom Peptides as Therapeutic Agents in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background

Scorpions have evolved a highly efficient venom that serves both to capture prey and for self-defense. As a result, peptides isolated from the venom of various scorpion species show great potential for the development of new medicines.

Purpose

This systematic review provides an overview of the therapeutic potential of peptides isolated from scorpion venom that act on the cardiovascular system.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Virtual Health Library for relevant studies published until December 2023, using the terms “peptides,” “scorpion,” “bradykinin potentiating factor,” “effects on cardiovascular diseases,” and “antihypertensive effects.”

Results

The literature search yielded 240 references. After applying the inclusion criteria, 17 studies were selected for analysis. Our review yielded five key findings: First, the identification of canonical bradykinin-potentiating peptides, which act as inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, and non-canonical bradykinin-potentiating peptides, which act as B2 receptor agonists, enhancing the physiological effects of bradykinin. Second, a peptide regulating cardiomyocyte proteins was discovered. Third, an inotropic peptide was identified. Fourth, a potent hERG blocker peptide was found. Finally, a peptide with significant sodium current blocking capabilities in ventricular myocytes was identified.

Conclusion

The high specificity and potency of these scorpion venom-derived molecules underscore their potential as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular field. This research highlights the importance of exploring natural bioactive compounds for the development of innovative treatments for cardiovascular diseases.

Santos, F.F., Silva, M. & de Matos, I.M. Scorpion Venom Peptides as Therapeutic Agents in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Pept Res Ther 31, 12 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-024-10671-1