Harnessing snake venom cardiotoxins for antimicrobial peptide discovery

  Harnessing snake venom cardiotoxins for antimicrobial peptide discovery Abstract Snake venoms are a rich source of bioactive molecules with considerable potential for drug discovery. Cardiotoxins (CTXs) from cobras ( Naja spp.) are membrane-active venom proteins and promising templates for antimicrobial peptide development. Here, we combined two computational toxin-mining strategies to identify antimicrobial peptide candidates from CTXs. First, AMPA-guided sequence mining was used to detect encrypted antimicrobial regions within CTX sequences. Second, sequence alignment and consensus-sequence analysis were employed to generate peptides from a conserved CTX scaffold. Candidate peptides were prioritised using multiple machine learning- and deep learning-based antimicrobial peptide prediction tools, resulting in fourteen CTX-inspired peptides, including two modified derivatives of CTX-p5. Antimicrobial screening showed limited activity across the peptide panel, with CTX-p5 exhibiti...

Effect of an organophosphate insecticide on the behaviour and physiology of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Araneae: Thomisidae)

 


Effect of an organophosphate insecticide on the behaviour and physiology of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Abstract

Pests in agriculture cause significant economic damage by reducing production and product quality. While pesticides can be an alternative for pest control, their use has a significant impact on both the environment and human health. Chlorpyrifos, a widely used pesticide, affects both target and non-target organisms, including spiders. In this study, we investigated whether Misumenops maculissparsus spiders at three developmental stages (J0, J2, and adults) recognize the presence of the insecticide and how it affects their enzymatic activity. The results indicated that only J0 was able to recognize the insecticide and avoided surfaces treated with it. On the other hand, J0 and adults exhibited reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was affected by the treatment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in J0, catalase (CAT) in all stages, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in J2, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in J2 and adults. Chlorpyrifos exposure did not increase reactive oxygen species or alter cellular populations in any model.

Romero, S., Laino, A., Gabellone, C., & Garcia, C. (2024). Effect of an organophosphate insecticide on the behaviour and physiology of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Araneae: Thomisidae). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 110, 104525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104525