Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation

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  Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation Abstract Snake venoms are evolutionarily refined biochemical arsenals composed of diverse toxins with complex functional roles in predation, defense, and competition. Over the past 2 decades, transcriptomic approaches have transformed venom research by enabling high-resolution insights into gene expression dynamics, molecular diversity, and the evolutionary mechanisms driving venom variation across lineages. In this review, we present a comprehensive synthesis of snake venom transcriptomics literature and propose a conceptual framework structured around three major axes: (1) gene family expansion through duplication and neofunctionalization; (2) regulatory complexity encompassing transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic modulation; and (3) ecological selection pressures shaping venom profiles in response to diet, habitat, and interspecific interactions. We integrate findin...

Effect of an organophosphate insecticide on the behaviour and physiology of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Araneae: Thomisidae)

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Effect of an organophosphate insecticide on the behaviour and physiology of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Abstract

Pests in agriculture cause significant economic damage by reducing production and product quality. While pesticides can be an alternative for pest control, their use has a significant impact on both the environment and human health. Chlorpyrifos, a widely used pesticide, affects both target and non-target organisms, including spiders. In this study, we investigated whether Misumenops maculissparsus spiders at three developmental stages (J0, J2, and adults) recognize the presence of the insecticide and how it affects their enzymatic activity. The results indicated that only J0 was able to recognize the insecticide and avoided surfaces treated with it. On the other hand, J0 and adults exhibited reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was affected by the treatment. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in J0, catalase (CAT) in all stages, glutathione S-transferase (GST) in J2, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in J2 and adults. Chlorpyrifos exposure did not increase reactive oxygen species or alter cellular populations in any model.

Romero, S., Laino, A., Gabellone, C., & Garcia, C. (2024). Effect of an organophosphate insecticide on the behaviour and physiology of the spider Misumenops maculissparsus (Araneae: Thomisidae). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 110, 104525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104525