Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation

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  Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation Abstract Snake venoms are evolutionarily refined biochemical arsenals composed of diverse toxins with complex functional roles in predation, defense, and competition. Over the past 2 decades, transcriptomic approaches have transformed venom research by enabling high-resolution insights into gene expression dynamics, molecular diversity, and the evolutionary mechanisms driving venom variation across lineages. In this review, we present a comprehensive synthesis of snake venom transcriptomics literature and propose a conceptual framework structured around three major axes: (1) gene family expansion through duplication and neofunctionalization; (2) regulatory complexity encompassing transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic modulation; and (3) ecological selection pressures shaping venom profiles in response to diet, habitat, and interspecific interactions. We integrate findin...

Exploring the Inter- and Intra-Specific Variability of Androctonus Scorpion Venoms

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Exploring the Inter- and Intra-Specific Variability of Androctonus Scorpion Venoms 

Abstract

Scorpion venom possesses a lethal sting and potential medicinal properties, making it a captivating natural elixir. Our study aimed to unravel the composition of Androctonus scorpion venoms in Morocco. Using electrospray mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we conducted a thorough analysis to gain detailed insights into venom composition. The data unveiled a wide range of molecular weights, influenced by factors such as species, genus, location, age, sex, and diet. Short toxins (2000–4000 Da) predominated in the venoms, effectively blocking K+ channels, while larger molecular weights (>4000 Da) corresponded to long toxins that modulate Na+ channels. Furthermore, we made intriguing discoveries of previously unidentified peptides (<2000 Da). This study provides valuable knowledge, shedding light on the intricate composition of scorpion venoms.

Hilal, Ines, Soukaina Khourcha, Amal Safi, Abdelaziz Hmyene, Reto Stöcklin, and Naoual Oukkache. 2023. "Exploring the Inter- and Intra-Specific Variability of Androctonus Scorpion Venoms" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 24, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECT2023-14797