Role of Regulated Cell Death Pathways in Snakebite Envenomation: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Opportunities

Posted by
  Role of Regulated Cell Death Pathways in Snakebite Envenomation: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Opportunities Abstract Snakebite envenomation causes severe tissue damage, often resulting in permanent disability with long-term complications like amputations and organ dysfunction. Current antivenoms, which are antibody-based, have lower tissue penetrability and limited efficacy in minimizing the local effects, highlighting the need for adjunct therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that venom-induced pathology is not restricted to direct cytotoxicity and necrosis; rather, it also involves multiple interconnected Regulated Cell Death (RCD) pathways, but their mechanistic interplay and therapeutic implications remain poorly understood. This review examines how venom toxins induce a cellular stress response characterized by oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and calcium overload, leading to the activation of interconnected regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apo...

Thwaitesia margaritifera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881: A New State Record of Mirror Cob Web Spider Species (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Chhattisgarh, India

Posted by

 


Thwaitesia margaritifera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881: A New State Record of Mirror Cob Web Spider Species (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract

This study documents the first recorded occurrence of the mirror cobweb spider Thwaitesia margaritifera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 in Chhattisgarh, India, and the first record of the genus Thwaitesia in the state. Two adult female specimens were collected by hand from the foliage of a Shorea robusta tree in a forested area of Gariaband District on 27 March 2026. Live specimens were photographed, preserved in 70% ethanol, and examined using a stereo zoom microscope. Identification was based on the morphology of the carapace, abdomen, eyes, legs, spinnerets, and female genital structures, followed by comparison with published taxonomic descriptions. The specimens were characterised by a small, pale greenish-yellow cephalothorax with a dark median stripe, a large laterally compressed abdomen bearing irregular reflective scale-like patches, eight eyes arranged in two rows, and a leg formula of I–IV–II–III. The epigynum was rounded, with a V-shaped posterior protrusion, oval spermathecae, and copulatory ducts coiled twice. The specimens were collected from a single locality and represent a distributional record rather than evidence of abundance or wider occurrence. This finding adds T. margaritifera to the documented spider fauna of Chhattisgarh and provides morphological information for future locality-based surveys. Further sampling across seasons, habitats, and districts is required to clarify the species’ distribution within the state. 


Nayak, Jashavant & Nichat, Avinash & Harris, K.K. & Warte, Hitesh. (2026). Thwaitesia margaritifera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881: A New State Record of Mirror Cob Web Spider Species (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Chhattisgarh, India. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology. 9. 183-190. 10.9734/ajriz/2026/v9i3299.