On a new genus of dwarf tarantulas (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) endemic from Peru: evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny, with description of three new species

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  On a new genus of dwarf tarantulas ( Araneae : Mygalomorphae : Theraphosidae ) endemic from Peru: evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny, with description of three new species Abstract Recent field campaigns conducted in Peru along with the examination of museum specimens allowed us to identify small tarantulas that do not fit with any known Theraphosidae genera. Morphology and additional molecular evidence from the mitochondrial gene COI led us to propose Kiskalla gen. nov . from southern Peru, at Puno region. Three new species of Kiskalla gen. nov . ( K. ignacioi sp. nov ., K. yeisoni sp. nov . and K. zukuapasanka sp. nov .) are herein described, diagnosed and illustrated. Kiskalla gen. nov . differs from the known Theraphosinae genera in the presence of lateral stripes on the abdomen and a small dorsal arrowhead-shaped patch of type III urticating setae, presence of a large number of spines on all legs, short and stout setae on the dorsal metatarsi encirc...

Paralysis Efficiency (PD50) Scales Linearly with Lethality (LD50) in Spider Venoms

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Paralysis Efficiency (PD50) Scales Linearly with Lethality (LD50) in Spider Venoms

Abstract

Historically, venom potencies have been assessed using measures of lethality, such as the median lethal dose (LD50). However, venoms may be selected primarily for their ability to rapidly incapacitate rather than cause mortality, meaning LD50 may not capture the efficacy of venoms in an ecological and evolutionary context. To capture this context, recent studies have adapted measures that assess venoms’ ability to rapidly incapacitate, such as the median paralysis dose (PD50). However, while PD50 values are expected to provide a more proximate assessment of ecological variation in venom potency, it is unknown whether historically available LD50 values are still useful proxies of ecologically relevant potency or whether they capture independent axes of venom variation. Here, we test the relationship between LD50 and PD50 in spider venoms by experimentally estimating LD50 and PD50 for 12 species and collating additional potency data for 46 species retrieved from the literature, producing a dataset of 55 species spanning 26 families when combined. We observed a linear isometric relationship between LD50 and PD50, showing these potency measures are both strongly correlated, with an increase in paralysis efficiency associated with a similar increase in lethality. Our results suggest that due to the correlation between functional aspects of venom potency, paralysis and lethality, historically available LD50 values may be used to compare general venom potencies in spiders, provided that they are based on the same prey model.
Lyons, K., Leonard, D., McSharry, L., Martindale, M., Collier, B. L., Vitkauskaite, A., Dunbar, J. P., Dugon, M. M., & Healy, K. (2026). Paralysis Efficiency (PD50) Scales Linearly with Lethality (LD50) in Spider Venoms. Toxicon: X, 100256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100256