Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

New species and records of Otiothops MacLeay, 1839 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) from caves of the Carajás region, state of Pará, Brazil

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New species and records of Otiothops MacLeay, 1839 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) from caves of the Carajás region, state of Pará, Brazil

Abstract

In this paper, we describe three new species of the palpimanid spider genus Otiothops MacLeay, 1839 from caves of the Carajás region, in the state of Pará, Brazil, based on specimens of both sexes: O. fatimae sp. nov. (♂♀), O. luizi sp. nov. (♂♀) and O. daselva sp. nov. (♂). Otiothops baculus Platnick, 1975 and O. curua Brescovit, Bonaldo & Barreiros, 2007 are also recorded from the same cave areas for the first time, and their distributions are updated.

Cardoso, G.G. & Brescovit, A.D. (2026) New species and records of Otiothops MacLeay, 1839 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) from caves of the Carajás region, state of Pará, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5785 (3), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.8