Hidden diversity in plain sight: four new species of Nemesia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from the Córdoba Province of Spain

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  Hidden diversity in plain sight: four new species of Nemesia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from the Córdoba Province of Spain Abstract A taxonomic revision of the species of Nemesia Audouin, 1826, distributed in the vicinity of Córdoba City, southern Spain, is presented. Four new species are described: Nemesia morana sp. nov. (female), N. kodama sp. nov. (male and female), N. rosae sp. nov. (male and female), and N. tamajoni sp. nov. (male and female). These species are distinguished by distinct morphological characters, including the shape of the spermathecae, palpal bulbs, and spinnerets, as well as by burrow architecture. Fieldwork was conducted across two of the three major habitat types in the region—the humid, forested mountains of Sierra Morena and the croplands and riparian forests of the Guadalquivir Valley—while the third, the “campiña”, which is mainly composed of agricultural landscapes, remains poorly explored. Sampling methods included pitfall trapping and the direct e...

Combining Thiophene-Triazole Hybrids with Bothropic Antivenom to Enhance Its Inhibitory Effect Against the Coagulant Activity of Bothrops Jararaca, B. Neuwiedi, and B. Jararacussu Snake Venoms

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By Leandro Avelar - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49733697

Combining Thiophene-Triazole Hybrids with Bothropic Antivenom to Enhance Its Inhibitory Effect Against the Coagulant Activity of Bothrops Jararaca, B. Neuwiedi, and B. Jararacussu Snake Venoms

Abstract


Introduction:  Snakebite envenomation causes approximately 5 million incidents, 130,000 deaths, and 400,000 amputations annually worldwide. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the ability of 16 thiophene-triazole hybrid compounds (– and –) to inhibit the coagulant activity of , , and  venoms in combination with commercial antibothropic antivenom.

Method:

In the experimental prevention protocol, human plasma or commercial fibrinogen was incubated for 60 seconds at 37°C with the study compounds, with or without antivenom, followed by the addition of snake venoms. In the treatment protocol, each venom was incubated with plasma or fibrinogens for 60 seconds at 37°C, and then the study compounds, with or without antivenom, were added to the medium. Clotting was monitored using a digital coagulometer.

Results:

The study compounds inhibited the coagulation of plasma and fibrinogen caused by  venom under both protocols, but they did not inhibit  venom under the treatment protocol. Overall, the coagulation inhibition was more effective when the study compounds were mixed with antivenom, and some compounds achieved complete prevention of venom-induced coagulation.

Discussion:

A combination of compounds with antivenom enhanced efficacy in preventing the coagulant activity of  venoms.

Conclusion:

A drug cocktail comprising the most active compounds mixed with antivenom may be a promising strategy to improve the treatment of envenomation by these snake species.


de Oliveira, B. B., Sanchez, E. F., Portella, D. P., Ferreira, V. F., de Carvalho da Silva, F., Gomes Gonzaga, D. T., & Fuly, A. L. (2026). Combining thiophene-triazole hybrids with bothropic antivenom to enhance its inhibitory effect against the coagulant activity of Bothrops jararaca, B. neuwiedi, and B. jararacussu snake venoms. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266460346260318041601