Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Taxonomic notes on the tarantula genus Heterothele Karsch, 1879 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with a new synonymy, resurrection of H. longipalpis Karsch, 1879, two nomina dubia, and description of a new species from Tanzania

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Taxonomic notes on the tarantula genus Heterothele Karsch, 1879 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with a new synonymy, resurrection of H. longipalpis Karsch, 1879, two nomina dubia, and description of a new species from Tanzania

Abstract

The historically  enigmatic  yet  distinctive  genus  HeterotheleKarsch, 1879 is revised. Heterothele afnis Laurent, 1946 syn. nov. is  proposed as a  junior  synonym of  Heterothele honestaKarsch, 1879. Heterothele longipalpis Karsch, 1879 stat. rev. et comb. nov. is revalidated from the synonymy with H. gabonen-sis (Lucas, 1853), and H.  villosella Strand, 1907  stat.  rest. is revalidated from its previous status as a nomen  dubium. Con-versely,  H.  ogbunikia  Smith,  1990  is  proposed  as  a  species inquirenda based on the fact it is not an adult female, but rather an immature male, and H. atropha Simon, 1907 and H. decem-notata (Simon, 1891) are proposed as nomina dubia. Redescrip-tions of the type specimens of  H. honesta  Karsch, 1879 (type species),  H. darcheni  (Benoit, 1966),  H. hullwilliamsi  Smith, 1990, H. longipalpis Karsch, 1879  stat. rev. et comb. nov., H. ogbunikia  Smith,  1990  species  inquirenda,  and  H.  spinipesPocock, 1897 are presented. Heterothele maxima sp. nov. from Tanzania is described as new. 

Acknowledgment: I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Danni Sherwood for providing the complete manuscript.

Sherwood, Danniella. (2026). Taxonomic notes on the tarantula genus Heterothele Karsch, 1879 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with a new synonymy, resurrection of H. longipalpis Karsch, 1879, two nomina dubia, and description of a new species from Tanzania.