Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Revealing new species within a species complex of Nemesia Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain)

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Revealing new species within a species complex of  Nemesia  Audouin, 1826 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) trapdoor spiders from Andalusia (Spain)

Four new species of the Nemesia dorthesi group , morphologically similar to Nemesia shenlongi Pertegal, García, Molero-Baltanás & Knapp, 2022, from Andalusia (Spain), are described on the basis of various aspects such as morphology, burrow architecture, behavior and habitus: Nemesia eira n. sp. from the province of Cadiz, N. gajui n. sp. from the municipality of Cordoba, N. socohina n. sp. from Guadalcázar, Cordoba, and N. ripolli n. sp. from Cártama, Málaga. In addition to traditional diagnostic characteristics, this study analyzes the dispersal capacity, distribution, and taxonomic status of the nominate species N. ariasi Simon, 1914 from Morocco and N. macrocephala occidentalis Frade & Bacelar, 1931 from Guadalajara and Valencia, Spain.