Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Leg autotomy in spiders from coastal wetlands of Kerala, India: natural history observations

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Leg autotomy in spiders from coastal wetlands of Kerala, India: natural history observations

ABSTRACT

Autotomy, or voluntary limb loss, is a widespread defence strategy among arthropods, yet its ecological costs and benefits in spiders remain poorly documented. Here, we report natural history observations of leg autotomy in 32 species across eight families from four coastal wetlands in Kerala, India. Patterns of autotomy varied widely among species. Many spiders, including members of the orb-weaving family Araneidae, shed legs at the coxa–trochanter joint, a mechanism that minimises haemolymph loss. Agile hunters such as members of the families Salticidae and Oxyopidae frequently autotomised multiple legs, with potentially severe consequences for locomotion. Notably, repeated cases in the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus (CL Koch) highlight the trade-offs faced by active hunters that depend heavily on agility. These findings highlight the taxonomic breadth, ecological variation and functional consequences of autotomy in spiders, underscoring its adaptive value while drawing attention to its hidden costs. We suggest that autotomy merits systematic study as an ecologically significant yet overlooked survival strategy in arachnids. This study presents the first broad field-based documentation of autotomy in spiders from Kerala, India, thereby extending current knowledge of its ecological relevance in tropical habitats.

Special thanks to Mathew M. Joseph (co-author) for sending me this full manuscript. 

Abraham, A., & Joseph, M. M. (2026). Leg autotomy in spiders from coastal wetlands of Kerala, India: natural history observations. Journal of Natural History, 60(9–12), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2026.2619579