Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Dimorphism in male pedipalps affects the reproductive behaviour in the litter-dwelling scorpion Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

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ABSTRACT

This study investigates male pedipalp chela dimorphism and its association with reproductive behaviour in the litter-dwelling scorpion, Tityus pusillus. Using geometric morphometrics, two distinct male morphotypes were identified based on pedipalp chela shape: robust and gracile. These morphotypes were associated with measurable variation in courtship behaviour aspects. Males with robust chelae performed a higher number of reproductive attempts and female manipulations than gracile-chela males, although these differences were not statistically significant. Notably, robust-chela males completed courtship significantly faster than gracile-chelae males (8.03 ± 5.14 minutes vs. 18.40 ± 13.84 minutes), measured as the time until mating successful conclusion. Both morphotypes exhibited similar reproductive success rates (37% and 31%, respectively). These results indicate that robust and gracile differ in courtship dynamics, particularly in courtship duration and patterns of female handling. Variation in female resistance during courtship may help explain why male reproductive behaviours vary. This study documents male chela dimorphism in T. pusillus and reports its correlation with variation in courtship behaviour.

Macedo Pordeus, L., & Felipe de Araujo Lira, A. (2026). Dimorphism in male pedipalps affects the reproductive behaviour in the litter-dwelling scorpion Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2026.2622073