Venom Mass Fingerprints for Species Delimitation, Reloaded: A Test Case with Italian Scorpions (Euscorpius)

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  Venom Mass Fingerprints for Species Delimitation, Reloaded: A Test Case with Italian Scorpions (Euscorpius) Abstract Scorpion venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds including proteins, peptides and enzymes. Although venoms exhibit substantial intraspecific variation, some compounds appear to be species-specific, highlighting their potential as chemotaxonomic markers. Venom mass fingerprints (MFPs) derived from Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) have been proposed as a means of delimiting species. However, their utility for species delimitation has rarely been evaluated against independent sources of taxonomic evidence. In the present study, the performance of MALDI-TOF MS-based venom peptide barcoding (mass ranges of m/z 800‒4500 and m/z 3000‒10,000) was assessed in 52 populations of eight Italian species of the scorpion genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876, representing different levels of evolutionary divergenc...

A comparison of honeybee and scorpion venoms as anticancer agents against three different cancer cell lines: lung, colon, and breast cancer

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A comparison of honeybee and scorpion venoms as anticancer agents against three different cancer cell lines: lung, colon, and breast cancer

Abstract

Owing to the drawbacks and adverse effects associated with conventional cancer therapies, there is growing interest in identifying effective natural alternatives. In this study, the anticancer potential of honeybee and scorpion venoms was evaluated using three human cancer cell lines: lung adenocarcinoma (A549), colon carcinoma (HCT-116), and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231). The chemical composition, biological activity, and molecular interactions of both venoms with key cancer-related targets were investigated through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), cytotoxicity assays, gene expression analysis, and molecular docking. GC-MS analysis revealed that scorpion venom was predominantly composed of methyl isocyanide, 3-butyn-1-ol, and allene, whereas honeybee venom was characterized by caprylic anhydride, 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, and palmitin as major bioactive constituents. Functional analyses demonstrated that both venoms modulated the expression of genes associated with apoptosis and other cancer-related pathways rather than inducing apoptosis directly. Notably, scorpion venom significantly downregulated the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, whereas honeybee venom upregulated its expression, indicating distinct mechanisms of action. Scorpion venom exerted pronounced pro-apoptotic effects, while honeybee venom appeared to act primarily through immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic pathways. Molecular docking analyses confirmed favorable interactions between venom-derived compounds and key molecular targets, including Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and VEGF, supporting their potential as multi-target anticancer agents. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that honeybee and scorpion venoms possess promising anticancer properties via distinct yet complementary mechanisms, with particular efficacy against lung and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. The results highlight the potential of these venoms as natural candidates for the development of alternative anticancer therapeutics.

Galal, F. H., Alshammari, F. M., Aldaghmi, A. S., Hafez, E. E., El-Sayed, G. M., Aeban, R. H., & Alharbi, S. A. (2026). A comparison of honeybee and scorpion venoms as anticancer agents against three different cancer cell lines: Lung, colon, and breast cancer. Frontiers in Toxicology, 8, 1756933. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2026.1756933