A new species of Urupelma Kaderka et al. 2023 from Peru (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), and a new proposal of homologous keels

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  Figure 5. Urupelma pampas Kaderka et al. 2023, from Peru, Apurímac, Chincheros. Habitus of female (MUSM-ENT 0515867). Photo: Radan Kaderka. A new species of Urupelma Kaderka et al. 2023 from Peru (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), and a new proposal of homologous keels Abstract A new Peruvian tarantula, Urupelma lamarensis sp. nov., from the Ayacucho Department, in south-central Peru, is herein described, diagnosed and illustrated. Homologous keels of male bulbs in Urupelma Kaderka et al. 2023 are revised and newly established, the generic diagnosis is modified, including diagnoses of single species using these characters. The female genitalia of Urupelma pampas Kaderka et al. 2023 is figured for the first time. The variability of female genitalia of U. veronicae Kaderka et al. 2023 is also shown for the first time.  Kaderka, R. (2026). A new species of Urupelma Kaderka et al. 2023 from Peru (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), and a new proposal of homologous k...

Evaluation of the potential therapeutic efficacy of Cerastes cerastes venom in acute experimental toxoplasmosis

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By Holger Krisp - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17570143

Evaluation of the potential therapeutic efficacy of Cerastes cerastes venom in acute experimental toxoplasmosis

Abstract

Background

The control of toxoplasmosis relies on conventional chemotherapeutics, which have hitherto unresolved concerns.

Methods

Swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally (IP) infected with 5 × 103 tachyzoites of RH HXGPRT( −) strain of Toxoplasma gondii, then IP treated with one-fourth lethal dose 50 (one-fourth LD50) of Cerastes cerastes venom (CCV) for three consecutive days (LD = 0.535 mg/kg). The anti-Toxoplasma activity of CCV was evaluated, for the first time, in immunocompetent (IC) and immunosuppressed (IS) mice via estimation of their mortality and survival time, microscopical counting of peritoneal tachyzoites, measurement of liver parasite burdens using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR), detection of infectivity, and ultrastructural changes of the treated tachyzoites. The safety of the used dose was biochemically assessed by measuring liver, kidney, and oxidative stress markers in serum.

Results

CCV induced an insignificant reduction in mortality rate (MR) and a significant increase in survival time of mice. A statistically significant decrease in the mean peritoneal parasite burden with 89.8% and 90.8% reduction (%R) was observed in both IC and IS-treated subgroups compared with their controls, respectively. This reduction was consistent with 88% and 86% decrease in liver parasite load, respectively, and obvious ultrastructural alterations in treated tachyzoites. Concerning the infectivity study, the percent reduction was 78.8% and 85.5% in the peritoneal fluid and 71.1% and 60.4% in the liver tissues of IC and IS subgroups, respectively. The biochemical safety of the used dose and its high antioxidant activity were verified.

Conclusions

Thus, one-fourth LD50 of CCV can be considered a promising, effective natural alternative to standard chemotherapy for acute toxoplasmosis.

El-Zawawy, L.A., Said, D.E., Abdelghaffar, R. et al. Evaluation of the potential therapeutic efficacy of Cerastes cerastes venom in acute experimental toxoplasmosis. Parasites Vectors (2026). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-07209-9