Scorpio basraensis sp. n. from southern Iraq (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae)

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  Scorpio basraensis sp. n. from southern Iraq (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) Abstract A new scorpion species, Scorpio basraensis sp. n. , is described and illustrated from Basra Province, southern Iraq. Scorpio basraensis sp. n. is compared with all known species of the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 occurring in countries surrounding Iraq. The new species can be distinguished by the circular genital operculum in males and the cordiform genital operculum in females (not posteriorly elongated), a densely hirsute body, appendages and metasoma, a distinctly elongated telson vesicle, discrete granules on the external surface of the chela manus that are not flattened, and pectinal tooth counts of 11–13 in males and 9–11 in females. With the description of this species, the number of scorpion species known from Iraq increases to 22, whereas the number of recognized species in the genus Scorpio reaches 33. Yağmur, Ersen A.; Makki, Jafar A.; and Najim, Shurooq A. (2026) " Scorpio basraen...

Osmooka, a new spider genus from Madagascar: a surprising relative of the Australian fauna (Araneae: Paraplectanoididae)

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Osmooka, a new spider genus from Madagascar: a surprising relative of the Australian fauna (Araneae: Paraplectanoididae) 

Abstract

Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot with high endemism and ancient phylogenetic diversity. We here report the discovery of Osmooka aphana gen. nov., sp. nov. from Marojejy National Park. Phylogenomic analyses place Osmooka as sister to the Australian Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886 and this doublet is sister to Nephilidae Simon, 1894. When proposed, Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson & Bond, 2023 was exclusively Australian and monogeneric, but was predicted to contain additional, undescribed taxa. The discovery of Osmooka and its phylogenetic placement in Paraplectanoididae support this prediction. We present a taxonomic treatment of Osmooka and Paraplectanoides, and a reappraisal of Orbipurae morphological homologies. With this new discovery, we revalidate Paraplectanoididae, Nephilidae, and Phonognathidae Simon, 1894 ranks resurrected as exclusive, monophyletic, and well-diagnosed families, whereas Araneidae Clerck, 1757 requires further redefinition. Finally, we test the hypothesis of East Gondwanan vicariant origin of Osmooka and Paraplectanoides. This scenario would predict an ancient age of their ancestor, predating the 130 Ma breakup of Gondwana. Divergence dating refutes this hypothesis by estimating their common ancestor at 57 Ma. Rather than through vicariance, the disjunct distribution of Osmooka and Paraplectanoides is best explained through Cenozoic intercontinental dispersal and/or extinctions. Potential discovery of additional paraplectanoidid diversity might better elucidate the timing, modes, and trajectories of historic dispersal and extinction events.


Matjaž Kuntner, Kuang-Ping Yu, Matjaž Bedjanič, Matjaž Gregorič, Eva Turk, Klemen Čandek, Jonathan A Coddington, Ingi Agnarsson, James Starrett, Jason E Bond, Osmooka, a new spider genus from Madagascar: a surprising relative of the Australian fauna (Araneae: Paraplectanoididae), Insect Systematics and Diversity, Volume 9, Issue 6, November 2025, ixaf050, https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaf050