Biofactories Applied to Future Antivenom Production

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  Image Credit: By Ssiltane - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52242648 Biofactories Applied to Future Antivenom Production Abstract Background: Accidents caused by the  Loxosceles laeta  spider constitute a health problem in South America. Envenomation can lead to severe systemic manifestations, eventually compromising the patient’s life. Most regional health authorities consider antivenom administration the basis of effective treatment in the most serious cases. The availability of spider venom is the primary bottleneck for antivenom production. Herein, we present a novel biotechnological approach, based on the expression of recombinant versions of the most relevant toxin in loxoscelism, sphingomyelinase D (SphD), in insect larvae ( Spodoptera frugiperda ).  Methods: We produced two versions of SphD: one conserving its biological activities (wtSphD) and a second alternative that was designed to be genetically detoxified (dSphD...

Spider nest-retreat origin, diversification, and architectural plasticity link to historical and current temperature fluctuations

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Spider nest-retreat origin, diversification, and architectural plasticity link to historical and current temperature fluctuations

Abstract

Ongoing climate change mandates improved understanding of how temperature fluctuations influence organismal evolution and behavior. Detritus-based nest-retreats in spiders have originated multiple times in parallel—hypothesized to be an adaptive response to climatic fluctuations. We investigated the potential role of climate change in shaping the evolution of nest-retreats over geological timescales, and the short-term effect of temperature on the morphology and energy investment of nest-retreats in Campanicola campanulata (Theridiidae). Phylogenetic analyses reconstruct twelve origins of nest-retreats, first appearing in the Eocene, and diversifying during the Late Cenozoic Icehouse period. Spiders respond to experimentally lowered temperatures by making larger nest-retreats, indicating a direct impact of temperature on retreat architecture. Our results for the first time affirm the thermoregulatory function of spider nests and suggest that temperature impacts nest-retreats across both evolutionary and ecological timescales. Nest-retreat spiders can serve as a model to study the origins of thermoregulatory nest-building in animals and how it may be impacted by ongoing climate change.
Zhong, R., Chang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Peng, Y., Agnarsson, I., & Liu, J. (2026). Spider nest-retreat origin, diversification, and architectural plasticity link to historical and current temperature fluctuations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 214, 108478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108478