Venom Mass Fingerprints for Species Delimitation, Reloaded: A Test Case with Italian Scorpions (Euscorpius)

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  Venom Mass Fingerprints for Species Delimitation, Reloaded: A Test Case with Italian Scorpions (Euscorpius) Abstract Scorpion venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds including proteins, peptides and enzymes. Although venoms exhibit substantial intraspecific variation, some compounds appear to be species-specific, highlighting their potential as chemotaxonomic markers. Venom mass fingerprints (MFPs) derived from Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) have been proposed as a means of delimiting species. However, their utility for species delimitation has rarely been evaluated against independent sources of taxonomic evidence. In the present study, the performance of MALDI-TOF MS-based venom peptide barcoding (mass ranges of m/z 800‒4500 and m/z 3000‒10,000) was assessed in 52 populations of eight Italian species of the scorpion genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876, representing different levels of evolutionary divergenc...

Spider nest-retreat origin, diversification, and architectural plasticity link to historical and current temperature fluctuations

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Spider nest-retreat origin, diversification, and architectural plasticity link to historical and current temperature fluctuations

Abstract

Ongoing climate change mandates improved understanding of how temperature fluctuations influence organismal evolution and behavior. Detritus-based nest-retreats in spiders have originated multiple times in parallel—hypothesized to be an adaptive response to climatic fluctuations. We investigated the potential role of climate change in shaping the evolution of nest-retreats over geological timescales, and the short-term effect of temperature on the morphology and energy investment of nest-retreats in Campanicola campanulata (Theridiidae). Phylogenetic analyses reconstruct twelve origins of nest-retreats, first appearing in the Eocene, and diversifying during the Late Cenozoic Icehouse period. Spiders respond to experimentally lowered temperatures by making larger nest-retreats, indicating a direct impact of temperature on retreat architecture. Our results for the first time affirm the thermoregulatory function of spider nests and suggest that temperature impacts nest-retreats across both evolutionary and ecological timescales. Nest-retreat spiders can serve as a model to study the origins of thermoregulatory nest-building in animals and how it may be impacted by ongoing climate change.
Zhong, R., Chang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Peng, Y., Agnarsson, I., & Liu, J. (2026). Spider nest-retreat origin, diversification, and architectural plasticity link to historical and current temperature fluctuations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 214, 108478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2025.108478