A Paradigm Shift in Snakebite Envenoming Therapy: From Conventional Antivenoms to Rationally Designed, Broadly Neutralizing Combination Therapies

Posted by
  A Paradigm Shift in Snakebite Envenoming Therapy: From Conventional Antivenoms to Rationally Designed, Broadly Neutralizing Combination Therapies Abstract For over a century, polyclonal antivenom has been the cornerstone of snakebite therapy, saving countless lives. However, the current production method, based on immunizing large animals, has inherent limitations in terms of safety, stability, and supply reliability, thereby creating a pressing need for alternative technologies. This review charts the rise of next-generation antivenoms built on recombinant antibody engineering. We systematically survey the strategies for discovering and developing these molecules, from humanized monoclonal antibodies and VHHs to computationally designed proteins. Our central thesis is that achieving broad-spectrum neutralization against complex venoms requires a shift from single-agent approaches to rationally designed, oligoclonal “cocktail” therapies (defined mixtures of a few select therapeut...

On the sympatric spiders from the Baja California Peninsula: Descriptions of the males of Syspira longipes Simon and S. tigrina Simon (Araneae: Miturgidae), with new synonyms

Posted by

 


On the sympatric spiders from the Baja California Peninsula: Descriptions of the males of Syspira longipes Simon and S. tigrina Simon (Araneae: Miturgidae), with new synonyms

Abstract

The spider species Syspira longipes Simon, 1895 and Syspira tigrina Simon, 1895 (family Miturgidae) from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico have their males described for the first time, and the females redescribed. The descriptions are based on morphological and ultra morphological data under Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, Syspira analytica Chamberlin, 1924 and Syspira synthetica Chamberlin, 1924 are formally synonymized with S. tigrina. Syspira eclectica Chamberlin, 1924 is also synonymized with S. longipes.

Valdez-Mondragón, A., Jiménez, M.L. & Palacios-Cardiel, C. (2025) On the sympatric spiders from the Baja California Peninsula: Descriptions of the males of Syspira longipes Simon and S. tigrina Simon (Araneae: Miturgidae), with new synonyms. Zootaxa, 5722 (3), 301–325. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5722.3.1