Big Spider, Big Genome: Chromosome-level genome of a North American tarantula (Aphonopelma marxi) and comparative genomics across 300 million years of spider evolution

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  Image Credit: WikiCommons Big Spider, Big Genome: Chromosome-level genome of a North American tarantula (Aphonopelma marxi) and comparative genomics across 300 million years of spider evolution Abstract The comparison of chromosome-level genomes allows biologists to investigate new axes of organismal evolution. Spiders comprise a significant proportion of known arachnid diversity, with many complex morphologies and unique natural histories, yet comparative genomics in spiders has been limited due to the number of available genomes. We present a de novo chromosomal reference genome of a mature male tarantula, Aphonopelma marxi, and comparatively examine spider genome evolution across the Order Araneae. Using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing, the final 6.5 Gb assembly consists of 17 autosomes, 1 X chromosome, and 127 unplaced scaffolds, with an N50 of 370 Mb and Arachnida (odb10; 2934 genes) BUSCO of 96.7%. By comparing 20 additional spider genomes from 15 families, we find mygalomo...

Biomechanical Analysis of Silk as a Tendon or Ligament Replacement

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Biomechanical Analysis of Silk as a Tendon or Ligament Replacement

Abstract

Advances in silk-based tissue-engineered constructs offer promising opportunities to improve tendon and ligament repair by increasing graft availability and enhancing patient outcomes. The rising demand for tendon and ligament reconstruction highlights the need for biomaterials that address limitations of autografts and allografts, including donor-site morbidity, limited supply, and immune rejection risks. Silk-based scaffolds leverage their tunable biomechanical properties—such as Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and strain to failure—to closely mimic native tendon and ligament function. This review synthesizes current literature on silk-derived grafts, summarizing their mechanical performance, fabrication strategies, and translational potential. Emphasis is placed on spider silk, which demonstrates exceptional tensile strength, elasticity, and biocompatibility, making it a strong candidate for next-generation scaffolds. Remaining challenges include optimizing in vivo degradation rates, enhancing tendon-to-bone (enthesis) integration, developing tunable structural and biochemical features, improving manufacturability, and validating clinical efficacy through standardized testing and robust clinical trials. Additional limitations to the application of silk as a biomaterial scaffold include high production costs, challenges associated with controlled spinning and processing, and the current lack of scalable manufacturing methods. Continued innovation and rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluation will be critical to realizing silk’s potential in advancing tendon and ligament repair and improving long-term functional outcomes.

Wagner, C.; McCloskey, C.; Williams, K.; Teixeira, K.; Brooks, B.D.; Brooks, A.E. Biomechanical Analysis of Silk as a Tendon or Ligament Replacement. Polymers 2025, 17, 3052. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17223052