Harnessing snake venom cardiotoxins for antimicrobial peptide discovery

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  Harnessing snake venom cardiotoxins for antimicrobial peptide discovery Abstract Snake venoms are a rich source of bioactive molecules with considerable potential for drug discovery. Cardiotoxins (CTXs) from cobras ( Naja spp.) are membrane-active venom proteins and promising templates for antimicrobial peptide development. Here, we combined two computational toxin-mining strategies to identify antimicrobial peptide candidates from CTXs. First, AMPA-guided sequence mining was used to detect encrypted antimicrobial regions within CTX sequences. Second, sequence alignment and consensus-sequence analysis were employed to generate peptides from a conserved CTX scaffold. Candidate peptides were prioritised using multiple machine learning- and deep learning-based antimicrobial peptide prediction tools, resulting in fourteen CTX-inspired peptides, including two modified derivatives of CTX-p5. Antimicrobial screening showed limited activity across the peptide panel, with CTX-p5 exhibiti...

Prospects and challenges of recombinant spider venom enzymes: insights from Loxosceles and Phoneutria venom protease expressions

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Prospects and challenges of recombinant spider venom enzymes: insights from Loxosceles and Phoneutria venom protease expressions

Spiders use chemically complex venoms to overpower prey. Such venoms are primarily composed of neurotoxic disulfide-rich peptides, linear peptides, and enzymes. The latter have received little scientific attention thus far, and despite their great translational potential, functional data on spider venom enzymes remain scarce. Hence, a more comprehensive understanding is sought, not only to provide valuable insights into their biological functionality but also to facilitate the development of novel biotechnological applications. However, their chemical isolation is prevented by the minuscule venom yields available from most spiders. Recombinant expression emerged as a promising methodology to overcome these restrictions, but comparatively few efforts have been made to establish technologies for different enzyme families. In particular, few works have explored the pivotally important technical aspects of spider venom enzyme expression, including strain selection, culture conditions, and product purification. In this study, we explore these aspects using two spider venom enzymes as a case study, with particular emphasis on the purification and refolding of an astacin-like metalloprotease from Loxosceles intermedia venom. The enzymes were produced as fusion proteins using diverse Escherichia coli strains to identify the most effective production strains, including their optimal production conditions. Thioredoxin A, a 6x-His-Tag, and a cleavage site for activated factor X allowed efficient purification and subsequent removal of all fusion tags, and we report in detail the purification of the mass spectrometry-confirmed L. intermedia metalloprotease from inclusion bodies. This exploratory study outlines the technical details and potential pitfalls encountered during the development of this production process and provides an important baseline for future attempts to express spider venom enzymes.

Dresler, J., Rodriguez, I., Paas, A., Vilcinskas, A., & Lüddecke, T. (2025). Prospects and challenges of recombinant spider venom enzymes: Insights from Loxosceles and Phoneutria venom protease expressions. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 13, 1668774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1668774