Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) as Overlooked Predators of Anurans in the Neotropics

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  Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) as Overlooked Predators of Anurans in the Neotropics ABSTRACT Arthropods are traditionally viewed as invertebrate prey and as predators of other invertebrates, whereas vertebrates are typically considered their predators. However, this paradigm has increasingly been challenged, particularly among arachnids. While several invertebrates are well documented as frog predators, the capacity of particular groups, such as harvestmen (Opiliones), to prey on vertebrates has remained largely anecdotal. Here we report novel field observations of anuran predation by multiple Cranaidae harvestman species across several Neotropical localities. These records include the active capture and consumption of live frogs, demonstrating their role as opportunistic mesopredators. Our findings expand current knowledge of Opiliones ecology by confirming that vertebrate predation occurs across multiple species and localities. Our results suggest that vertebrate consumption...

New data on zodariid spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean

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New data on zodariid spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract

Although taxonomic research on zodariid spiders has a long history, the identification of many species has remained challenging due to insufficient documentation. In this study, we revisit 50 zodariid species from the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean. For each taxon examined, we provide detailed photographic documentation of somatic and copulatory structures to facilitate future taxonomic investigations. Seven new species from three different genera are described: Lachesana gavishae Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Israel), L. lubinae Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Israel), Pax akilae Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Syria), Zodarion jakubi Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Oman), Z. levyi Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Israel and Syria), Z. milani Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂, Syria), and Z. zonsteini Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂, Cyprus and Israel). Re-examination of the Z. nicki type specimen confirms its distinction from Z. nitidum, and we provide redescriptions of both sexes of Z. nitidum. Additionally, the male of Z. nicki and the female of Z. namrun are described here for the first time. We revalidate Z. tunetiacum and designate a neotype based on newly examined material. Two new synonymies are also proposed: Acanthinozodium crateriferum syn. nov. is synonymized with A. tibesti, and Z. kunti syn. nov. is synonymized with A. odem. Furthermore, we report ten new country records: A. odem (Syria), A. tibesti (Egypt), Z. abantense (Greece), Z. granulatum (Syria), Z. karpathos (Turkey), Z. morosum (Syria), Z. reticulatum (Turkey), Z. rhodiense (Cyprus, Syria), Z. thoni (Iran, Greece), and Z. tunetiacum (Egypt).

Shafaie, S., Pekár, S. and Seyyar, O. (2025) “New data on zodariid spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean”, European Journal of Taxonomy, 1016(1), pp. 1-139. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1016.3063.