Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

Posted by
  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous venom immunotherapy in children: A 24-year experience in a pediatric tertiary care center

Posted by

 


Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous venom immunotherapy in children: A 24-year experience in a pediatric tertiary care center

Abstract

Background

Hymenoptera venom allergy is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, also in pediatric patients, highlighting the importance of effective management through venom immunotherapy (VIT). This study aimed to evaluate the safety profile of VIT, identify factors associated with adverse reactions (ARs), assess the accuracy of insect identification and its impact on VIT extract selection, and determine treatment efficacy by analyzing ARs following re-sting.

Methods

The medical charts of patients followed up at the Allergy Unit of Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy, who completed a VIT cycle between 1997 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. VIT extract selection was guided by a diagnostic workup following the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology guidelines and the Italian Consensus on Hymenoptera venom allergy management. We implemented a cluster protocol and adjusted it as needed for ARs during VIT.

Results

Fifty-eight patients, from a total of 60 VIT (2 patients underwent VIT for both Vespula and Polistes) were included, using the following extracts: 17 Apis mellifera (28.4%), 20 Vespula (33.3%), 20 Polistes (33.3%), and 3 Vespa crabro (5.0%). Upon the 3739 injections administered, 355 ARs (9.5%) occurred: local reactions (LRs), 306 (8.2%); extended local reactions (ELRs), 34 (0.9%); and systemic reactions (SRs), 15 (0.4%). The build-up phase was associated with a higher number of ARs and LRs compared with the maintenance phase during VIT (p < .0001), normalized by the number of injections. No other significant factors related to the risk of developing any ARs were highlighted. The highest SR rate was found in the VIT for Polistes, with no significant differences in AR proportions among the venom extracts. Thirty patients reported 51 re-stings following VIT, with only 2 of 51 (3.9%) resulting in SRs. These reactions occurred in individuals stung by a different Hymenoptera species from the one targeted during the VIT.

Giovannini M, Catamerò F, Masini M, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous venom immunotherapy in children: A 24-year experience in a pediatric tertiary care center. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2025; 36:e70195. doi:10.1111/pai.70195