Differential Hematotoxic Activity of Southeast Asian Pit Viper Venoms: The Cross-Neutralizing Effect of Available Antivenoms

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  Image Credit: Creative Commons (some rights reserved) CC BY-NC Photo 111998430, (c) Nicholas Hess Differential Hematotoxic Activity of Southeast Asian Pit Viper Venoms: The Cross-Neutralizing Effect of Available Antivenoms Abstract Background/Objectives : Pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) are responsible for a large proportion of snakebite envenoming cases in Southeast Asia. Envenomation by these snakes commonly causes hematotoxic effects, including platelet dysfunction and coagulation disturbances. Although antivenom remains the mainstay of treatment, species-specific antivenoms are not available for several regional pit viper species. This study evaluated the hematotoxic activities of selected Southeast Asian pit viper venoms and the cross-neutralizing capacity of commercially available antivenoms.  Methods : Venoms from five medically important pit viper species— Calloselasma rhodostoma ,  Trimeresurus albolabris ,  T. hageni ,  T. purpureomaculatus , ...

From sting to STING: role of inflammation in wasp sting induced AKI - a narrative review

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From sting to STING: role of inflammation in wasp sting induced AKI - a narrative review

Abstract

Multiple wasp stings that induce acute kidney injury (AKI) pose a significant threat to human health. This review focuses on the roles and mechanisms of inflammation in wasp sting-induced AKI. Relevant clinical studies, although limited in scope, have reported elevated levels of various inflammatory mediators in patients. These increased inflammatory mediators serve as indicators of inflammation and are potential predictors of wasp sting-induced AKI. However, clinical research is impeded by factors such as inconsistent patient baselines and lack of standardization for the use of wasp venom. To further explore the mechanisms, animal and cellular models have been developed to mimic the clinical manifestations. Basic studies have confirmed that inflammation plays a crucial role in such injuries. Importantly, mitochondrial DNA release and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling axis have been identified as key regulators of the inflammatory response in wasp sting-induced AKI. These studies on inflammation present potential targets for therapeutic interventions, and plasma exchange has been proven effective. Overall, this review provides in-depth insights into the mechanisms and basis of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of wasp sting-induced AKI pathogenesis.


Xu, L., Zhou, Z., Lv, Y. et al. From sting to STING: role of inflammation in wasp sting induced AKI - a narrative review. BMC Nephrol 26, 471 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-025-04403-w