Ziyuglycoside I Attenuates Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom–Induced Injury in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Modulating PAR1–NLRP3–IL-1β Signaling

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  Ziyuglycoside I Attenuates Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom–Induced Injury in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Modulating PAR1–NLRP3–IL-1β Signaling Abstract Introduction Sanguisorba officinalis L. ( Di Yu ) has traditionally been used for snakebite treatment. Ziyuglycoside I, a major bioactive constituent of Di Yu , exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, but its role in snake venom-associated renal injury remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate its potential protective effects against Deinagkistrodon acutus venom (DAV)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury in vitro. Methods HK-2 cells were exposed to DAV to establish an in vitro renal tubular epithelial injury model. Cellular metabolic activity and intracellular ATP levels were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and CellTiter-Glo assays, respectively. DAV-induced molecular alterations were examined by transcriptomic sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. PAR1 knockdown and pharmacological...

Advancements in Antivenom Therapy: Historical Perspectives, Current Challenges, and Ongoing Clinical Trials

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Advancements in Antivenom Therapy: Historical Perspectives, Current Challenges, and Ongoing Clinical Trials

Abstract

Snakebite envenomation remains a severe global health burden, particularly in impoverished, rural, and tropical regions where healthcare resources are sparse. Despite over 125 years of progress in antivenom therapy, numerous obstacles persist related to efficacy, specificity, cost, and availability. Conventional antivenoms, although life-saving, are associated with significant drawbacks, including species specificity and adverse immunologic reactions. This review explores the historical milestones in antivenom development, discusses present therapeutic limitations, highlights novel innovations through biotechnological approaches, and presents a list of ongoing clinical trials that aim to revolutionize the field. It emphasizes the pressing need for improved therapeutics and the critical role of translational research in mitigating the global impact of snakebite envenomation. 

Citation: Luis A. Roque. Advancements in antivenom therapy: Historical perspectives, current challenges, and ongoing clinical trials. Innovative Medicines & Omics 2025, 2(3), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.36922/IMO025240026

Roque, L. A. (2025). Advancements in antivenom therapy: Historical perspectives, current challenges, and ongoing clinical trials. Innovative Medicines & Omics, 2(3), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.36922/IMO025240026

PDF: Advancements in antivenom therapy: Historical perspectives, current challenges, and ongoing clinical trials: https://api-journal.accscience.com/journal/article/preview?doi=10.36922/IMO025240026