A new species and a new record of Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Sumatra Island, with notes on miniaturization in wolf spiders

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  A new species and a new record of Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Sumatra Island, with notes on miniaturization in wolf spiders Abstract A new species of wolf spider, Zoica veloxilla sp. nov., from Sumatra (Indonesia) is described based on both sexes. Lysania pygmaea Thorell, 1890 is recorded from Sumatra for the first time, and its male is illustrated and redescribed. A distribution map for Zoica and Lysania is provided. The problem of miniaturization in wolf spiders is briefly discussed. Based on an analysis of the literature, 32 minute species of wolf spiders in four subfamilies and eleven genera have been reported. The smallest wolf spider known worldwide seems to be Zoica minuta (McKay, 1979) from Australia. Omelko, M.M. & Fomichev, A.A. (2026) A new species and a new record of Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Sumatra Island, with notes on miniaturization in wolf spiders. Zootaxa, 5869 (2), 339–350. https://doi.o...

Spider venom potency exhibits phylogenetic prey specificity but does not trade-off with body size or silk use in prey capture

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Spider venom potency exhibits phylogenetic prey specificity but does not trade-off with body size or silk use in prey capture

Abstract

Spiders employ a diverse range of predator traits, including potent venoms, complex silk-hunting strategies and mechanical strength coupled with larger body sizes to capture prey. This trait diversity, along with the quantifiable nature of venom potency, makes spiders an excellent group to study evolutionary trade-offs. Yet, comparative approaches have been historically confounded by the use of atypical prey models to measure venom potency. Here, we account for such confounding issues by incorporating the phylogenetic similarity between a spider’s diet and the species used to measure its venom potency. Using a phylogenetic comparative analysis of 75 spider species to test how diet, silk use in prey capture and body size drive venom yield and potency (LD50), we show that spider venoms are generally more potent against models more closely related to their natural prey, reflecting prey-specific patterns. Despite predictions, we find no trade-offs among body size, silk use and venom potency. We find that venom yield scales sublinearly with size, reflecting the 0.75 allometric scaling predicted by metabolic theory, suggesting that venom is metabolically expensive in spiders. Our approach demonstrates how contemporary comparative approaches can be applied to historic venom potency measures to test fundamental evolutionary patterns in predator traits.

Lyons Keith, Dugon M. M. and Healy Kevin 2025Spider venom potency exhibits phylogenetic prey specificity but does not trade-off with body size or silk use in prey captureBiol. Lett.2120250133 http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2025.0133