A Paradigm Shift in Snakebite Envenoming Therapy: From Conventional Antivenoms to Rationally Designed, Broadly Neutralizing Combination Therapies

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  A Paradigm Shift in Snakebite Envenoming Therapy: From Conventional Antivenoms to Rationally Designed, Broadly Neutralizing Combination Therapies Abstract For over a century, polyclonal antivenom has been the cornerstone of snakebite therapy, saving countless lives. However, the current production method, based on immunizing large animals, has inherent limitations in terms of safety, stability, and supply reliability, thereby creating a pressing need for alternative technologies. This review charts the rise of next-generation antivenoms built on recombinant antibody engineering. We systematically survey the strategies for discovering and developing these molecules, from humanized monoclonal antibodies and VHHs to computationally designed proteins. Our central thesis is that achieving broad-spectrum neutralization against complex venoms requires a shift from single-agent approaches to rationally designed, oligoclonal “cocktail” therapies (defined mixtures of a few select therapeut...

Adding a piece to the scorpion distribution puzzle: expanding the records of Tityus (Tityus) confluens Borelli, 1899 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in southern Brazil

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Adding a piece to the scorpion distribution puzzle: expanding the records of Tityus (Tityus) confluens Borelli, 1899 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in southern Brazil

Summary

New records for the species Tityus (Tityus) confluens Borelli, 1899, previously known from the states of Ceará, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Piauí and Tocantins in Brazil, are made for the state of Paraná. In addition, an updated map with these new records for Brazil is provided.

Margonari Goldoni, P., Iniesta, L. F., Marques-da-Silva, E., & Brescovit, A. (2025). Adding a piece to the scorpion distribution puzzle: expanding the records of Tityus (Tityus) confluens Borelli, 1899 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in southern Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais , 20 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v20i1.1018