Ziyuglycoside I Attenuates Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom–Induced Injury in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Modulating PAR1–NLRP3–IL-1β Signaling

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  Ziyuglycoside I Attenuates Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom–Induced Injury in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Modulating PAR1–NLRP3–IL-1β Signaling Abstract Introduction Sanguisorba officinalis L. ( Di Yu ) has traditionally been used for snakebite treatment. Ziyuglycoside I, a major bioactive constituent of Di Yu , exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, but its role in snake venom-associated renal injury remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate its potential protective effects against Deinagkistrodon acutus venom (DAV)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury in vitro. Methods HK-2 cells were exposed to DAV to establish an in vitro renal tubular epithelial injury model. Cellular metabolic activity and intracellular ATP levels were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and CellTiter-Glo assays, respectively. DAV-induced molecular alterations were examined by transcriptomic sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. PAR1 knockdown and pharmacological...

Disparity among venom components, and morphometrics in Centruroides baergi Hoffmann, 1932, a medically relevant scorpion species from Mexico

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Disparity among venom components, and morphometrics in Centruroides baergi Hoffmann, 1932, a medically relevant scorpion species from Mexico

Abstract

Centruroides baergi is a scorpion species distributed in the biogeographical province of the Balsas Basin in Mexico. Health officials have reported acute envenomation in human populations living on the western side of this scorpion's range, but none in the eastern region. This disparity in toxicity suggested that there may be two distinct species. We used two different approaches, including venom analysis and morphometric specimens from both regions, to test our hypothesis. We performed chromatographic, electrophoretic, and mass spectrometry analysis to identify the known β-toxins involved in the intoxication. The most remarkable finding was the absence of Cb3 β-toxin in the eastern population. Consequently, the LD50 of the eastern population was lower than that of the western population. We analyzed linear and ratio body measurements with parametric and nonparametric statistics to test species limits. These analyses indicated that all putative populations of C. baergi are significantly similar, suggesting that they may represent a single species. Unexpectedly, the population of scorpions in the center of the study area, Suchixtlahuaca, previously identified as C. baergi, showed significant morphological and venom composition differences. We provided empirical evidence of an abrupt change of highly toxic peptides around the 98th meridian that limits populations of Centruroides baergi to the east of Mexico.
Bejarano-Mendoza, F. O., Gómez-Ramírez, I. V., Cortés Guzmán, A. J., Becerril, B., Possani, L. D., Cid Uribe, J. I., & González-Santillán, E. (2025). Disparity among venom components, and morphometrics in Centruroides baergi Hoffmann, 1932, a medically relevant scorpion species from Mexico. Toxicon, 108370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108370