Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

The genus Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994 from Peru: redescription of the male of T. ockerti Schmidt,1994 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), and a new species

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The genus Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994 from Peru: redescription of the male of T. ockerti Schmidt,1994 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), and a new species

Abstract
We redescribe and illustrate the male of Thrixopelma ockerti Schmidt, 1994 presenting the first analysis of keels on the palpal bulb. Additionally, a new species Thrixopelma kimraykawsaki sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Peru, along with data on its natural history. This new species is known from Abancay, department of Apurimac, can be distinguished from other species by having a palpal bulb bearing a tegular heel, a spatu-late embolus with well developed prolateral keels, and the presence of a retrolateral keel. Females are differentiated from other known Thrixopelma species by the shape of the spermathecae and the number of labial cuspules. 

West, Rick.,Fiorella Signorotto, Nelson Ferretti,Juan C. Chaparro,José A. Ochoa,2025). The genus Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994 from Peru: redescription of the male of T. ockerti Schmidt,1994 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), and a new species. Arachnology. 20. 107-114.