Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation

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  Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation Abstract Snake venoms are evolutionarily refined biochemical arsenals composed of diverse toxins with complex functional roles in predation, defense, and competition. Over the past 2 decades, transcriptomic approaches have transformed venom research by enabling high-resolution insights into gene expression dynamics, molecular diversity, and the evolutionary mechanisms driving venom variation across lineages. In this review, we present a comprehensive synthesis of snake venom transcriptomics literature and propose a conceptual framework structured around three major axes: (1) gene family expansion through duplication and neofunctionalization; (2) regulatory complexity encompassing transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic modulation; and (3) ecological selection pressures shaping venom profiles in response to diet, habitat, and interspecific interactions. We integrate findin...

Behavioral ecology of the Colorado brown tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi): Activities displayed around the burrow through juvenile group dispersal

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Behavioral ecology of the Colorado brown tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi): Activities displayed around the burrow through juvenile group dispersal  (Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertation)


Abstract


The life history strategy of the Colorado brown tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi) typically includes males spatially scattering in search for a female mate in the fall, followed by female attendance of fertilized eggs the following summer. Here, I highlighted aspects associated with this female parental care. Specifically, I compared the activities of maternal (egg-attending) tarantulas to their non-maternal (not egg-attending) counterparts, as this may be a costly time for these egg-attending individuals. I concluded that maternal individuals tended to show reduced activity at the burrow entrance, however; these, results were significant in only one comparison. After weeks of this parental care, juveniles will emerge from their silk egg casing before they disperse from the natal site. In the additional study reported in Chapter 5, I describe the first days post-emergence and, ultimately, the group dispersal processes of juveniles. This work provides foundational knowledge towards these particularly understudied aspects of tarantula biology.


Allendorfer, Bradley, "Behavioral ecology of the Colorado brown tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi): Activities displayed around the burrow through juvenile group dispersal" (2024). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 1261.
https://commons.emich.edu/theses/1261