The first genus with four sac-like structures in the vulva in the cobweb spider subfamily Theridiinae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae)

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  The first genus with four sac-like structures in the vulva in the cobweb spider subfamily Theridiinae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae) Abstract The morphological characters of copulatory organs are the most important basis in spiders for identification. In theridiids, a vulva with four sac-like structures is mostly associated with the subfamily Hadrotarsinae but has never been recorded in Theridiinae. Based on specimens collected from subtropical forest canopies in China, a new Theridiinae genus that has four sac-like structures in the vulva is described: Sactheridion gen. nov., with the type species S. chuan gen. & sp. nov. from Sichuan Province, China. Photos, diagnosis, description, and a distribution map of the new genus and new species are provided. Hu, C., Yao, Z., Liu, J. & Xu, X. (2026) The first genus with four sac-like structures in the vulva in the cobweb spider subfamily Theridiinae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae: Theridiidae). Zootaxa, 5884 (1), 167–175. http...

Recognition and completeness metrics from iNaturalist and GBIF can inform future citizen science and research projects: a case study on arthropods in Namibia

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Recognition and completeness metrics from iNaturalist and GBIF can inform future citizen science and research projects: a case study on arthropods in Namibia


Arthropods are the most diverse animal phylum and play crucial roles in ecosystem functioning through their contributions to ecosystem processes. Accurate knowledge about their distribution and diversity is essential for effective ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. Public biodiversity databases and citizen science records could contribute to our understanding of arthropod diversity. To test this assumption, we extracted arthropod observations in Namibia from iNaturalist (iNat) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and compared these data to the records in the Namibian Biodiversity Database (NBD). We assessed the proportion of observations identified to species level in each arthropod order in iNat and GBIF (“recognition” metric) and compared the number of species from the two biodiversity networks (iNat and GBIF) to the known species richness in each arthropod order in NBD (“completeness” metric). Only 54.4% of iNat and 63.1% of GBIF arthropod observations in Namibia are recorded at species level. Scorpions (Scorpiones) and dragonflies (Odonata) are the most recognised orders in both GBIF and iNat, with high completeness rates (> 60%). However, overall recognition and completeness for all arthropod orders were generally below 50% in both databases. The high recognition and completeness for certain orders could be attributed to species traits that make them recognizable (e.g. large body size, colouration), a low species richness and the taxonomic familiarity of the public. While global biodiversity networks provide valuable data, science-based databases like NBD remain essential for comprehensive biodiversity understanding. Global biodiversity networks provide insights into public perception and the suitability of taxonomic groups for citizen-involved biodiversity projects.


Martha Alfeus, John Irish, Klaus Birkhofer et al. Recognition and completeness metrics from iNaturalist and GBIF can inform future citizen science and research projects: a case study on arthropods in Namibia, 13 June 2024, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4485406/v1]