An unusually complex venom system in araneophagous palp-footed spiders (Palpimanidae)

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  An unusually complex venom system in araneophagous palp-footed spiders (Palpimanidae) Venoms are key adaptive traits in many animal lineages, yet their structural and functional diversity in spiders remains poorly investigated. Here, we present an initial characterization of the venom system of palp-footed spiders (Palpimanidae), a family specialized in hunting other spiders. Using micro-computed tomography, we found that the venom glands of the single species examined, Palpimanus gibbulus , exhibit a complex, multi-lobed morphology that is unusual among araneomorph spiders. Proteo-transcriptomic analyses of two Palpimanus venoms ( P. gibbulus and P. cyprius ) revealed highly diverse putative toxin repertoires comprising hundreds of peptides and proteins, including numerous novel putative neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enzymes, and allergens. Five major families of cysteine-rich palpitoxins were identified as the dominant putative neurotoxic components in both species, displaying con...

A new contribution to the study of subfamily Tridenchthoniinae Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from the late Eocene Baltic amber with the description of Baltochthonius andrushchenkoi gen. et sp. nov. and Heterolophus eridanus sp. nov.

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A new contribution to the study of subfamily Tridenchthoniinae Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from the late Eocene Baltic amber with the description of Baltochthonius andrushchenkoi gen. et sp. nov. and Heterolophus eridanus sp. nov.

Abstract

Here we describe two new fossil species and one new genus of pseudoscorpions, found in the late Eocene Baltic amber. Baltochthonius andrushchenkoi gen. et sp. nov. and Heterolophus eridanus sp. nov. are assigned to the subfamily Tridenchthoniinae (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae). We present an updated diagnostic key for the tribes, genera and subgenera of Tridenchthoniinae. The biogeographic, paleohabitat and ecological features of new species are presented and compared to the related extinct and extant species of the subfamily Tridenchthoniinae.

Turbanov, I.S., Kolesnikov, V.B., Shadrin, D.S. & Vorontsov, D.D. (2026) A new contribution to the study of subfamily Tridenchthoniinae Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from the late Eocene Baltic amber with the description of Baltochthonius andrushchenkoi gen. et sp. nov. and Heterolophus eridanus sp. nov. Zootaxa, 5807 (1), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5807.1.5