Two New Lynx Spider Species of Hamadruas and Oxyopes and the First Record of Hamadruas Thorell, 1887 (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Wai, Maharashtra, India

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  Two New Lynx Spider Species of Hamadruas and Oxyopes and the First Record of Hamadruas Thorell, 1887 (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Wai, Maharashtra, India Abstract The present study reports two oxyopid spider species from Wai, Satara District, Maharashtra, India, based on morphological examination of specimens collected from the Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya campus. The specimens were collected using hand-collection and sweep-net methods, preserved in 70% ethanol, and examined under a stereotrinocular microscope. Diagnostic structures, including the female epigyne and male palp, were studied after dissection, and distribution maps were prepared using QGIS. Hamadruas kvmensis sp. nov. is characterised by distinct dark elongated spermathecal lobes, a rounded central region forming the median fertilisation duct, curved copulatory ducts, and a male palp with an elongated curved cymbium, large bulb, prominent tegulum, slender embolus, conductor, tibial apophysis and sensory setae. Oxyopes wai...

Snakebite epidemiology in the State of Mexico, Mexico 2003-2024

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Snakebite epidemiology in the State of Mexico, Mexico 2003-2024

Abstract

In the State of Mexico, several venomous snakes have low median lethal doses, which therefore pose serious health risks. We analyzed the epidemiology of snakebites from 2003 to 2024 and examined their relationship with demographic, socioeconomic, and biological factors. Incidence rates and demographic characteristics were calculated, and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used to identify snakebite hotspots. We also applied Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) to explore associations between hotspot categories and socioeconomic conditions. The potential distribution of 14 venomous snake species was modelled to estimate venomous snake diversity across municipalities. A total of 3,972 cases were reported, with an increasing trend over time. Most bites occurred in summer, affecting mainly males aged 25-44. Hotspot analysis identified 27 municipalities as hotspots, 50 as not significant and 48 as coldspots. Southern municipalities showed higher snakebite incidence. Coldspot areas had higher educational attainment and greater employment in services and tertiary sectors, despite similar snake diversity to hotspots. These findings can guide public health strategies, particularly regarding the allocation of antivenoms in regional hospitals.

Snakebite epidemiology in the State of Mexico, Mexico 2003-2024. (2026). Geospatial Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2026.1468