The largest fossil of the segmented spider Parvithele muelleri Wunderlich, 2017 (Mesothelae: Parvithelidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

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  The largest fossil of the segmented spider Parvithele muelleri Wunderlich, 2017 (Mesothelae: Parvithelidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber Abstract A new specimen of the fossil spider Parvithele muelleri Wunderlich, 2017 (Araneae: Mesothelae) is described from the mid-Cretaceous (ca. 99 Ma) Burmese amber of Myanmar. Like the original holotype, the new specimen is a mature male, which clearly preserves a series of tibial macrospines, similar to the condition in the extant genus Liphistius Schiødte, 1849. Given that the single extant mesothele family, Liphistiidae, is predicted to have radiated ca. 39–58 million years ago, the occurrence of somewhat modern-looking male pedipalp spination in older fossil mesotheles is of considerable interest. The new specimen also shows spinnerets in a relatively posterior position, although variability observed in extant species suggests that this trait may be of limited systematic value. Of particular note is the presence of a large and well-dev...

Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) as Overlooked Predators of Anurans in the Neotropics

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Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) as Overlooked Predators of Anurans in the Neotropics

ABSTRACT

Arthropods are traditionally viewed as invertebrate prey and as predators of other invertebrates, whereas vertebrates are typically considered their predators. However, this paradigm has increasingly been challenged, particularly among arachnids. While several invertebrates are well documented as frog predators, the capacity of particular groups, such as harvestmen (Opiliones), to prey on vertebrates has remained largely anecdotal. Here we report novel field observations of anuran predation by multiple Cranaidae harvestman species across several Neotropical localities. These records include the active capture and consumption of live frogs, demonstrating their role as opportunistic mesopredators. Our findings expand current knowledge of Opiliones ecology by confirming that vertebrate predation occurs across multiple species and localities. Our results suggest that vertebrate consumption among arachnids may be more taxonomically widespread than previously recognized, highlighting the need to consider Opiliones as potential predators in Neotropical trophic networks.

Calvache, E., Villarreal, O., Ávila-Rojas, C., Bentley, A. G., Brito, K., Correa-Zanotti, C., Gutiérrez-Arboleda, M., Iñiguez, K., Narváez, J. C., Proaño, L., Reyes-Vizcaíno, M., & García, L. F. (2026). Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) as Overlooked Predators of Anurans in the Neotropics. Ecology and Evolution, 16(4), e73542. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.73542