New Publication: Hybridisation in the Tarantula Hobby

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  New Publication: Hybridisation in the Tarantula Hobby I am pleased to share the publication of my latest paper, “Hybridisation in the Tarantula Hobby: Ethical Boundaries and Biological Consequences,” in the Journal of the British Tarantula Society , Volume 41, No. 1, September 2026. The paper addresses an issue that deserves serious consideration within the tarantula community: hybridisation and its potential long-term effects on the integrity of captive lineages. More Than a Breeding Decision The tarantula hobby has changed considerably over the past several decades. What was once a relatively small community has grown into an international network of keepers, breeders, vendors, researchers, and societies. Captive breeding has contributed enormously to that growth, improving husbandry knowledge and increasing the availability of captive-bred animals. With that success comes responsibility for the lineages we maintain. Hybridisation may seem like an isolated breeding experiment,...

Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions: Comparing Crotalidae Immune Polyvalent Antivenoms F(ab’)2 and F(ab) in a Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) Endemic Area

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Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions: Comparing Crotalidae Immune Polyvalent Antivenoms F(ab’)2 and F(ab) in a Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) Endemic Area

Study objectives

North American pit viper antivenoms, CroFab® and ANAVIP®, contain galactose--1,3-galactose (α-GAL) oligosaccharide. We compared adverse drug reactions, including presumed anaphylaxis, following administration of these antivenoms and investigated biological plausibility of these antivenoms leading to anaphylaxis in α-GAL-immunoglobulin (Ig) E-sensitized individuals.

Methods

We performed 2 studies. A retrospective chart review from the Arkansas Poison Center (May 2021 to July 2023) identified adverse drug reactions and presumed anaphylaxis in patients treated with crotaline antivenom. Two allergists (JK, LM), blinded to the antivenom used, adjudicated presumed anaphylaxis cases. To assess whether antivenoms could activate basophils from α-GAL-IgE-sensitized individuals, basophil activation tests were performed on blood from 5 α-GAL-IgE-sensitized participants with a history of mammalian meat allergy. Basophil activation was assessed by %CD63 upregulation.

Results

Adverse drug reactions without presumed anaphylaxis occurred in 7 out of 171 (4.1%) Fab recipients versus 8 out of 37 (21.6%) F(ab’)2 recipients (Δ=17.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [4.0 to 31.0]). Presumed anaphylaxis was observed in 3 out of 171 (1.8%) for Fab and 6/37 (16.2%) for F(ab’)2 (Δ=14.3%, 95% CI 2.5 to 26.2). In the basophil activation tests, the mean EC50 for basophil CD63 activation was 144-fold higher for Fab (mean, [standard deviation]; 647 μg/mL of antivenom [627]) compared to F(ab’)2 (4.48 μg/mL of antivenom [2.75]).

Conclusion

We demonstrate a substantial incidence of adverse drug reactions and presumed anaphylaxis to crotaline antivenoms in an α-GAL endemic region, with F(ab’)2 antivenom associated with more reactions than F(ab). Clinicians in α-GAL endemic regions should be cautious in the use of antivenoms, especially for patients with α-GAL allergy.

Filip, A. B., Mahmood, L., Tilly, C., Foster, H. R., Jackson, F., Banner, W., Platts-Mills, T. A., Wilson, J., Bortz, P. S., Charlton, N., & Kennedy, J. L. (2026). Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions: Comparing Crotalidae Immune Polyvalent Antivenoms F(ab’)2 and F(ab) in a Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) Endemic Area. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 87(3), 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.06.618