Broad-Scale Climatic Gradients Drive Multiple Facets of Scorpion Beta Diversity in Northeastern Brazil

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  Broad-Scale Climatic Gradients Drive Multiple Facets of Scorpion Beta Diversity in Northeastern Brazil ABSTRACT Aim Beta diversity analyses clarify mechanisms structuring ecological communities, but their multidimensional facets remain poorly explored in arthropods. Here, we quantified taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional beta diversity in scorpions, partitioned these facets into species replacement and richness differences, and evaluated the relative importance of spatial structure and environmental conditions in driving community assembly. Location Northeastern Brazil, South America. Taxon Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Methods Taxonomic beta diversity was estimated using species presence across 70 sites in northeastern Brazil. Phylogenetic turnover was calculated from a multi-locus molecular tree, and functional beta diversity was derived from morphometric and ecological traits. All beta diversity facets were decomposed into replacement and richness-difference component...

Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions: Comparing Crotalidae Immune Polyvalent Antivenoms F(ab’)2 and F(ab) in a Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) Endemic Area

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Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions: Comparing Crotalidae Immune Polyvalent Antivenoms F(ab’)2 and F(ab) in a Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) Endemic Area

Study objectives

North American pit viper antivenoms, CroFab® and ANAVIP®, contain galactose--1,3-galactose (α-GAL) oligosaccharide. We compared adverse drug reactions, including presumed anaphylaxis, following administration of these antivenoms and investigated biological plausibility of these antivenoms leading to anaphylaxis in α-GAL-immunoglobulin (Ig) E-sensitized individuals.

Methods

We performed 2 studies. A retrospective chart review from the Arkansas Poison Center (May 2021 to July 2023) identified adverse drug reactions and presumed anaphylaxis in patients treated with crotaline antivenom. Two allergists (JK, LM), blinded to the antivenom used, adjudicated presumed anaphylaxis cases. To assess whether antivenoms could activate basophils from α-GAL-IgE-sensitized individuals, basophil activation tests were performed on blood from 5 α-GAL-IgE-sensitized participants with a history of mammalian meat allergy. Basophil activation was assessed by %CD63 upregulation.

Results

Adverse drug reactions without presumed anaphylaxis occurred in 7 out of 171 (4.1%) Fab recipients versus 8 out of 37 (21.6%) F(ab’)2 recipients (Δ=17.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [4.0 to 31.0]). Presumed anaphylaxis was observed in 3 out of 171 (1.8%) for Fab and 6/37 (16.2%) for F(ab’)2 (Δ=14.3%, 95% CI 2.5 to 26.2). In the basophil activation tests, the mean EC50 for basophil CD63 activation was 144-fold higher for Fab (mean, [standard deviation]; 647 μg/mL of antivenom [627]) compared to F(ab’)2 (4.48 μg/mL of antivenom [2.75]).

Conclusion

We demonstrate a substantial incidence of adverse drug reactions and presumed anaphylaxis to crotaline antivenoms in an α-GAL endemic region, with F(ab’)2 antivenom associated with more reactions than F(ab). Clinicians in α-GAL endemic regions should be cautious in the use of antivenoms, especially for patients with α-GAL allergy.

Filip, A. B., Mahmood, L., Tilly, C., Foster, H. R., Jackson, F., Banner, W., Platts-Mills, T. A., Wilson, J., Bortz, P. S., Charlton, N., & Kennedy, J. L. (2026). Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions: Comparing Crotalidae Immune Polyvalent Antivenoms F(ab’)2 and F(ab) in a Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) Endemic Area. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 87(3), 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.06.618