Snake Venom and Antivenom Pharmacology

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  SNAKE VENOM & ANTIVENOM Chemistry, Composition, Mechanisms and Pharmacology Abstract This integrated teaching session for Phase III MBBS students focused on the pharmacology and toxicology of snake venom and the principles of antivenom therapy. The lecture covered the chemistry, composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects of snake venoms and antivenoms. Rational use of antivenoms, indications, administration protocols, adverse reactions, and supportive management strategies were discussed. The session also highlighted the translational importance of venom-derived compounds in modern drug development. Recent advances in antivenom research, including recombinant human monoclonal antibodies, toxin-specific inhibitors, synthetic antibody technologies, and next-generation broad-spectrum antivenoms, were reviewed. Current discoveries and emerging approaches aimed at improving efficacy, safety, affordability, and accessibility of antivenom therapy were also explor...

First species description of Araneothrombium Mąkol, Felska and Król, 2017 (Trombidiformes: Microtrombidiidae) parasitizing spiders in Brazil

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First species description of Araneothrombium Mąkol, Felska and Król, 2017 (Trombidiformes: Microtrombidiidae) parasitizing spiders in Brazil

ABSTRACT

Microtrombidiidae is one of the most diverse families in the Parasitengona, with more than 120 genera and 400 species. The genus Araneothrombium was originally described from larvae parasitizing juvenile orchard orbweaver spiders (Tetragnathidae) in Costa Rica. To date, there are no records of microtrombidiid mites associated with Brazilian spiders. This study reports the first larval description of Araneothrombium parasitizing three different families (Araneidae, Salticidae, Sparassidae) of juvenile spiders in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Herein, a new species, Araneothrombium brasiliensis Bassini-Silva, Welbourn and Jacinavicius n. sp., is described. This discovery expands the known distribution of the genus Araneothrombium, which was previously only recorded in Costa Rica, to now also include Brazil. With this new record, the genus is confirmed to occur in at least two countries in the Neotropical region. The morphological characteristics of the new species were analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy, providing insights into its morphology.

Bassini-Silva, R., Welbourn, C., Ochoa, R., Brescovit, A. D., & de Castro Jacinavicius, F. (2025). First species description of Araneothrombium Mąkol, Felska and Król, 2017 (Trombidiformes: Microtrombidiidae) parasitizing spiders in Brazil. International Journal of Acarology, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2025.2566344