New Insight Into the Evolutionary Arms Race Between Spider Egg Sac Pseudoparasitoids and Active Maternal Care by the Spiders

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  New Insight Into the Evolutionary Arms Race Between Spider Egg Sac Pseudoparasitoids and Active Maternal Care by the Spiders ABSTRACT Pseudoparasitoids can lead to high mortality in spider egg sacs, and in some cases, they reduce the reproductive success of a spider female to zero. On the other hand, a species that develops within the spider's egg sac uses a limited resource derived from a single egg sac for its larval development. Therefore, the most crucial behaviour that increases the fitness of free-living pseudoparasitoid females is choosing the best host for their offspring. We analysed various points of the counter-adaptations of the spider egg sac pseudoparasitoid and spiders exhibiting active maternal care, utilising the ichneumonid  Hidryta fusiventris  (Thomson, 1873) and the wolf spider  Pardosa lugubris  (Walckenaer, 1802). We showed that the oviposition decision of  H. fusiventris  is based on the spider's egg sac size and that the fema...

Introducing the toxin-ID nomenclature to enable storage of venom toxin data in online repositories

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Introducing the toxin-ID nomenclature to enable storage of venom toxin data in online repositories

Abstract

The naming of venom toxins was largely ad hoc until the introduction of a rational nomenclature with a structured framework for naming venom peptides conveying taxonomic, pharmacological and structural information. Unfortunately, the resulting toxin names are susceptible to frequent name changes, necessitating a more stable nomenclature extending beyond peptides for long-term storage of toxin records in online repositories. The proposed toxin ID nomenclature includes a class-level taxonomic identifier plus a unique number within each class.
Herzig, V. (2025). Introducing the toxin-ID nomenclature to enable storage of venom toxin data in online repositories. Toxicon, 108592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108592